Daim ntawv peb ntu |
Daim ntawv peb ntu - hom kev tsim qauv, los ntawm 2nd pem teb. Xyoo pua 17th tau siv nyob rau hauv Tebchaws Europe. prof. suab paj nruag raws li ib daim ntawv ntawm ib tug tag nrho ua si los yog ib feem ntawm nws. T. f. nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub sij hawm implies tsis tsuas yog lub xub ntiag ntawm peb lub ntsiab. ntu, tab sis kuj muaj ntau yam xwm txheej hais txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov ntu thiab lawv cov qauv (feem ntau lees txais cov ntsiab lus ntawm T. f. yog coj los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm J. Haydn, WA Mozart, L. Beethoven ntawm thaum ntxov thiab nruab nrab. lub sijhawm muaj tswv yim, txawm li cas los xij, cov ntaub ntawv zoo sib xws hauv cov suab paj nruag tom qab feem ntau txawv ntawm daim ntawv classical). Muaj tej yam yooj yim thiab complex T. t. Nyob rau hauv ib qho yooj yim 1 feem yog ib lub suab los yog modulating lub sij hawm (los yog ib tug kev tsim kho uas hloov nws), qhov nruab nrab ib feem, raws li txoj cai, tsis muaj ib tug ruaj khov qauv, thiab lub thib 3 feem yog ib tug rerise ntawm thawj, qee zaum nrog kev txuas ntxiv; ua tau thiab ywj siab. lub sij hawm (non-reprise T. f.). Hauv nyuaj T. f. Qhov thib 1 feem ntau yog daim ntawv yooj yim ob lossis peb ntu, qhov nruab nrab yog qhov zoo sib xws hauv cov qauv rau 1st lossis ntau dua dawb, thiab qhov thib 3 yog qhov rov ua dua ntawm thawj, meej lossis hloov kho (hauv wok. op. - repetition ntawm suab paj nruag, tab sis tsis tas yuav tsum thiab hais lus). Kuj tseem muaj daim ntawv nruab nrab ntawm qhov yooj yim thiab nyuaj tf: nruab nrab (thib ob) ib feem - hauv ib daim ntawv yooj yim ob lossis peb feem, thiab qhov siab - hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub sijhawm. Yog tias tom kawg tsis yog qhov qis dua qhov loj thiab muaj txiaj ntsig rau qhov nruab nrab, ces tag nrho daim ntawv yog ze rau txoj kev T. f. (Waltz op. 40 No 8 for piano by PI Tchaikovsky); Yog hais tias lub sij hawm luv luv, ces mus rau ib tug yooj yim ib tug kev taw qhia thiab xaus framing nws ("Lub Nkauj ntawm Indian qhua" los ntawm lub opera "Sadko" los ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov). Kev taw qhia thiab xaus (code) muaj nyob rau hauv txhua daim ntawv ntawm T. f., nrog rau qhov sib txuas ntawm lub ntsiab. ntu, qee zaum xa tawm (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv txoj kev T. f. nruab nrab ntawm ntu thiab rov ua dua).
Thawj ntu ntawm T. f. ua ib qho kev nthuav qhia muaj nuj nqi (nyob rau hauv ib tug complex technical form, nrog rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev loj hlob), uas yog, nws sawv cev rau ib tug kev nthuav qhia ntawm ib lub ntsiab lus. Nruab nrab (them thib 2) yooj yim T. f. - feem ntau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm muses. cov ntaub ntawv nthuav tawm hauv ntu 1. Muaj qhov nruab nrab ua rau lub ntsiab lus tshiab. cov khoom uas sib piv nrog cov khoom ntawm qhov chaw huab (Mazurka C-dur op. 33 No 3 los ntawm Chopin). Qee lub sij hawm qhov nruab nrab muaj ob qho khoom siv tshiab thiab kev txhim kho ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm ntu 1 (them thib 3 - nocturne - los ntawm 2nd cov hlua ntawm Borodin quartet). Hauv nyuaj T. f. nruab nrab seem yuav luag ib txwm contrasts nrog cov huab; Yog hais tias nws yog sau nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm cov ntaub ntawv, yooj yim ob-los yog peb-ib feem, nws yog feem ntau hu ua ib tug trio (vim nyob rau hauv lub 17th thiab thaum ntxov 18th centuries nws feem ntau yog nthuav nyob rau hauv peb lub suab). complex T. f. nrog xws li ib nrab ib feem, lub preim. ceev ceev, tshwj xeeb yog seev cev, ua si; nrog tsawg formalized, kua dej nruab nrab feem ntau (ib ntu) - ntau zaus hauv daim qeeb.
Lub ntsiab lus ntawm rerise T. f. feem ntau muaj nyob rau hauv kev pom zoo ntawm lub ntsiab. duab ntawm kev ua si tom qab contrasting los yog reproduction ntawm lub ntsiab suab paj nruag. kev xav nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv holistic tom qab kev loj hlob ntawm nws otd. sab thiab cov khoom; nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si, qhov rov ua dua ua rau kom tiav ntawm daim ntawv. Yog hais tias qhov kev hloov pauv hloov pauv kom muaj qib tshiab ntawm qhov nro yog tsim nyob rau hauv nws piv rau 1 feem ntawm daim ntawv, ces T. f. yog hu ua dynamic (cov ntaub ntawv no muaj ntau ntau ntawm cov yooj yim T. f. tshaj cov complex). Qee lub sij hawm rov ua dua ntawm qhov yooj yim T. f. tsis pib hauv lub ntsiab tseem ceeb (“Forgotten Waltz” No. 1 for piano Liszt, “Fairy Tale” op. 26 No. 3 for piano Medtner). Qee zaum cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb rov qab los, tab sis tsis yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm ntu 1 (lub suab hu ua suab nrov; "Suab tsis muaj lus" g-moll No 6 rau Mendelssohn).
T. f. tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv thiab txhawb nqa los ntawm kev rov ua dua ntawm nws qhov chaw, meej lossis ntau yam. Hauv kev yooj yim T. f. lub sijhawm thib 1 feem ntau rov ua dua, hauv otd. cov xwm txheej nrog kev hloov pauv lossis ib nrab hloov pauv hauv lwm cov yuam sij (1st feem ntawm Lub Peb Hlis Ntuj Kev Lom Zem - mus txog trio - los ntawm Beethoven's Sonata No. 12 rau piano; Tsis nco qab Waltz No. 1 rau Liszt's piano; etude op. 25 No. 11 los ntawm Chopin; March op.65 No 10 for Prokofiev's piano). Qhov nruab nrab thiab rov tsim dua yog tsis tshua muaj tsawg. Yog tias qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov nruab nrab lossis ntu ntu thib 3 thaum lawv rov ua dua yog txuam nrog kev hloov pauv hauv tonality, ces daim ntawv hu ua ib qho yooj yim ob npaug ntawm peb feem thiab mus txog rondo-puab. Hauv nyuaj T. f. Thaum kawg ntawm nws, lub trio thiab ntu 3 yog qee zaus rov ua dua ("Lub Peb Hlis ntawm Chernomor" los ntawm kev ua yeeb yam "Ruslan thiab Lyudmila" los ntawm Glinka); Yog hais tias, es tsis txhob repetition, ib tug tshiab trio yog muab, ib ob complex TF tshwm sim. (tshwj xeeb T. f. nrog ob lub trios), kuj yog ib qho ze rondo ("Lub Peb Hlis Ntuj" los ntawm suab paj nruag rau Shakespeare's comedy "A Midsummer Night's Dream" los ntawm Mendelssohn).
Rau qhov nyuaj ntawm T. f. ua tsis tau tsuas yog mus rau repetition ntawm qhov chaw, tab sis kuj rau lawv cov kev loj hlob sab hauv: lub sij hawm pib modulating yooj yim T. f. tuaj yeem tau txais cov yam ntxwv ntawm sonata nthuav tawm, nruab nrab - kev txhim kho, thiab tag nrho daim ntawv - cov yam ntxwv ntawm sonata allegro (saib daim ntawv Sonata). Hauv lwm qhov xwm txheej, cov khoom siv tshiab hauv nruab nrab ntawm T. f. (yooj yim los yog complex) yog cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws nyob rau hauv cov cai los yog thaum kawg ntawm lub rerise nyob rau hauv ch. tonality, uas tsim ib tug piv ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm ib tug sonata tsis muaj kev loj hlob.
Txawm hais tias qhov yooj yim thiab naturalness ntawm nws cov qauv sib npaug (ABA lossis ABA1), T. f. Cov lus piav qhia tau tshwm sim tom qab ob ntu thiab tsis muaj cov hauv paus ncaj qha thiab pom tseeb li qhov kawg hauv Nar. suab paj nruag. Keeb kwm T. f. txuam feem ntau nrog suab paj nruag. t-rum, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrog opera aria da capo.
Simple T. f. nws yog siv raws li daim ntawv rau. -l. ntu tsis-cyclic. prod. (rondo, sonata allegro, complex tf, thiab lwm yam), nrog rau hauv kev sib hlub, opera arias thiab arioso, seev cev me me thiab lwm yam (piv txwv li, hauv preludes, etudes). Yuav ua li cas daim ntawv yog ywj siab. ua si yooj yim T. f. tau nthuav dav hauv lub sijhawm tom qab Beethoven. Qee lub sij hawm nws kuj pom tau tias yog ib daim ntawv ntawm qhov qeeb ntawm lub voj voog (hauv Tchaikovsky's violin concerto; cov piv txwv ntxaws tshaj plaws yog nyob rau hauv Rachmaninov's 2nd piano concerto). Dynamic yooj yim T. f. tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv F. Chopin, PI Tchaikovsky, AN Scriabin.
complex T. f. siv hauv kev seev cev. plays thiab marches, nocturnes, impromptu thiab lwm yam instr. Ib hom ntawv, thiab kuj yog ib daim ntawv ua yeeb yam lossis tus lej ntaus pob, tsis tshua muaj kev sib hlub ("Kuv nco txog lub sijhawm zoo", "Kuv nyob ntawm no, Inezilla" los ntawm Glinka). complex T. t. yog heev. nyob rau hauv nruab nrab qhov chaw ntawm lub sonata-symphony. cycles, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ceev ceev (scherzo, minuet), tab sis kuj qeeb sawv daws yuav. Cov qauv tsim tshaj plaws ntawm txoj kev T. f. sawv cev nek-ry symph. Beethoven's Scherzo, Pam tuag Lub Peb Hlis los ntawm nws "Heroic" Symphony, symphony. scherzo los ntawm lwm tus neeg sau ntawv (piv txwv li, 2nd qhov chaw ntawm 5th thiab 7th symphonies ntawm Shostakovich), nrog rau kev sib cais. daim los ntawm cov kws sau nkauj romantic (piv txwv li, Chopin's Polonaise op. 44). Tseem muaj qhov nyuaj T. f. yam tshwj xeeb, np. nrog rau qhov kawg hauv daim ntawv ntawm sonata allegro (scherzo los ntawm Beethoven's 9th symphony thiab Borodin's 1st symphony).
Hauv kev ua haujlwm theoretical ntawm kev sib txawv T. f. los ntawm ib co lwm hom suab paj nruag. cov ntaub ntawv raug txhais nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev. Yog li, nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm phau ntawv, complex T. f. nrog lub rov yog ntaus nqi rau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm rondo. Muaj lub hom phiaj nyuaj ntawm kev sib txawv yooj yim T. f. nrog rau nruab nrab, txhim kho cov khoom siv ntawm 1st txav, thiab ib qho yooj yim rov tsim dua ob daim ntawv. Raws li txoj cai, kev rov ua dua tshiab ntawm tag nrho lub sijhawm pib yog suav tias yog cov pov thawj tseem ceeb ntawm daim ntawv tripartite, thiab ib kab lus - ob feem (hauv qhov no, cov txheej txheem ntxiv kuj tseem suav nrog). E. Prout suav tias yog ob qho tib si ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no ua ob feem, vim qhov nruab nrab tsis muab qhov sib piv, zoo li rov tsim dua thiab feem ntau rov qab nrog nws. Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, A. Schoenberg txhais ob hom no ua peb daim ntawv, txij li lawv muaj qhov rov ua dua (piv txwv li, ntu 3), txawm tias nws yog luv luv. Nws zoo nkaus li tsim nyog, tsis hais qhov no lossis qhov sib txawv ntawm cov hom kev xav, kom sib sau ua ke raws li lub tswv yim dav dav ntawm daim ntawv yooj yim reprise. Cov proportions ntawm ib co khoom. tsis sib haum rau lub npe ntawm hom ntawv uas lawv koom (piv txwv li, hauv T. f. nrog ib tus lej, tej zaum yuav muaj 4 qhov sib npaug). Mn. compositions uas yog tripartite nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus feem ntau tsis yog hu ua T. f. nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub sij hawm. Xws li, piv txwv li, yog peb-txoj cai operas, peb-txav symphonies, concertos, thiab lwm yam, strophic. wok ua. compositions muaj peb stanzas ntawm cov ntawv nyeem nrog txawv suab paj nruag, thiab lwm yam.
References: saib ntawm Art. Suab paj nruag daim ntawv.
