Solmization |

Solmization (los ntawm lub npe ntawm cov suab paj nruag ntsev и E), solfeggio, kev daws teeb meem

ital. solmisazione, solfeggio, solfeggiare, Fabkis. solmisation, solfege, solfier, tsi. Solmisation, solfeggioren, solmisieren, Lus Askiv. solmization, sol-fa

1) Hauv kev nkag siab nqaim - Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog. Western European kev xyaum hu nkauj suab paj nruag nrog lub suab ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la, qhia los ntawm Guido d'Arezzo los qhia cov kauj ruam ntawm hexachord; hauv kev nkag siab dav - txhua txoj hauv kev hu nkauj nrog cov npe syllabic. qib k.-l. nplai (kwv tij S.) lossis nrog lub npe. suab sib haum mus rau lawv lub suab meej (tsawg suab); kawm hu nkauj. Cov kab lus qub tshaj plaws - Suav (pentatonic), Indian (xya-kauj ruam), Greek (tetrachordic), thiab Guidonian (hexachordic) - yog cov txheeb ze. Guido siv zaj nkauj ntawm St. John:

Nws siv cov lus pib ntawm txhua tus "kab" ntawm cov ntawv nyeem ua lub npe. cov kauj ruam ntawm lub hexachord. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm txoj kev no yog tsim kom muaj kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov npe thiab cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov kauj ruam ntawm hexachord. Tom qab ntawd, Guido cov lus nyob hauv ntau lub tebchaws, suav nrog USSR, tau pib siv los qhia txog qhov siab ntawm lub suab; nyob rau hauv lub kaw lus ntawm Guido nws tus kheej, lub npe syllabic. tsis txuam nrog ib tug txhais. qhov siab; Piv txwv li, lub suab ut ua haujlwm ua lub npe. Kuv kauj ruam ob peb. hexachords: ntuj (c), mos (f), nyuaj (g). Nyob rau hauv kev saib ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias melodies tsis tshua haum nyob rau hauv cov kev txwv ntawm ib tug hexachord, nrog S. nws yog feem ntau yuav tsum tau hloov mus rau lwm hexachord (mutation). Qhov no yog vim qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov npe lus. suab (piv txwv li, lub suab muaj lub npe la nyob rau hauv lub ntuj hexachord, thiab kuv nyob rau hauv lub mos hexachord). Thaum xub thawj, kev hloov pauv tsis tau suav tias yog qhov tsis yooj yim, txij li cov suab lus mi thiab fa ib txwm qhia qhov chaw ntawm lub suab nrov thiab ua kom muaj suab nrov zoo (li no lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub hnub nyoog nruab nrab ntawm suab paj nruag: "Mi et fa sunt tota musica" - " Kuv thiab fa yog tag nrho cov suab paj nruag”). Kev taw qhia ntawm lub suab si los xaiv lub xya qib ntawm qhov ntsuas (X. Valrant, Antwerp, circa 1574) ua rau kev hloov pauv hauv ib qho tseem ceeb superfluous. Xya-kauj ruam "gamma los ntawm si" yog siv "pib los ntawm lub suab ntawm ib tsab ntawv xaiv" (E. Lullier, Paris, 1696), uas yog, nyob rau hauv ib tug txheeb ze lub ntsiab lus. Xws li solmization hu ua. "transposing", nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lub qub "mutating".

Nce lub luag haujlwm ntawm instr. suab paj nruag coj nyob rau hauv Fabkis mus rau kev siv lub suab ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si los qhia cov suab c, d, e, f, g, a, h, thiab yog li mus rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm ib tug tshiab, txoj kev tseeb ntawm C., to-ry tau txais lub npe. natural solfegging ("solfier au naturel"), txij li thaum muaj xwm txheej tsis raug coj mus rau hauv tus account (Monteclair, Paris, 1709). Nyob rau hauv ntuj S., kev sib xyaw ntawm cov suab lus mi - fa tuaj yeem txhais tsis tau tsuas yog me me thib ob xwb, tab sis kuj yog ib qho loj lossis nce ntxiv (ef, e-fis, es-f, es-fis), yog li txoj kev Monteclair yuav tsum tau ua. Kev kawm ntawm lub suab nrov ntawm lub sijhawm, tsis suav nrog, nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm kev nyuaj, kev siv "transposing" S. Natural S. tau nthuav dav tom qab qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub peev ua haujlwm "Solfeggia rau kev qhia ntawm Conservatory of Music hauv Paris" , sau los ntawm L. Cherubini, FJ Gossec, EN Megul thiab lwm tus (1802). Ntawm no, tsuas yog S. tau siv nrog obligatory. instr. accompaniment, iotated nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug digital bass. Kev paub txog kev txawj hu nkauj los ntawm kev sau ntawv tau txais kev pab los ntawm ntau yam. kev cob qhia kev tawm dag zog ntawm ob hom: rhythmic. Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov nplai thiab cov kab ke los ntawm cov ntu, thawj zaug hauv C-dur, tom qab ntawd hauv lwm cov yuam sij. Qhov tseeb intonation tau ua tiav los ntawm kev hu nkauj nrog accompaniment.

"Solfeggia" tau pab taug qab cov txheej txheem ntawm cov yuam sij; lawv sib raug mus rau qhov loj-me, ua haujlwm warehouse ntawm modal xav uas tau coj los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Twb tau JJ Rousseau thuam cov txheej txheem ntawm ntuj atherosclerosis vim nws tsis saib xyuas cov npe ntawm cov kauj ruam, tsis ua rau muaj kev paub txog lub suab nrov ntawm lub sijhawm, thiab kev loj hlob ntawm kev hnov ​​​​lus. "Solfeggia" tsis tau tshem tawm cov kev tsis txaus no. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv tau npaj rau cov kws tshaj lij yav tom ntej thiab muab kev cob qhia siv sijhawm ntev heev. Rau tsev kawm ntawv hu nkauj zaj lus qhia thiab kev cob qhia cov neeg hu nkauj amateur uas koom nrog pawg hu nkauj. mugs, xav tau ib txoj kev yooj yim. Cov kev cai no tau ntsib los ntawm txoj kev Galen-Paris-Cheve, tsim los ntawm Rousseau cov tswv yim. Lub tsev kawm ntawv tus kws qhia lej thiab hu nkauj P. Galen nyob rau theem pib ntawm kev kawm siv Rousseau digital notation, uas cov nplai loj tau xaiv los ntawm cov lej 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, cov nplai me. los ntawm tus lej 6, 7, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, nce thiab txo cov kauj ruam - nrog cov lej hla (piv txwv li и ), tonality - nrog rau qhov sib thooj thaum pib ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kaw tseg (piv txwv li, "Ton Fa" txhais tau tias lub tonality ntawm F-dur). Cov ntawv sau qhia los ntawm cov lej yuav tsum tau hu nrog cov lus ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si. Galen tau nthuav tawm cov lus hloov kho kom pom cov hloov pauv. cov kauj ruam (kawg nyob rau hauv ib tug vowel thiab nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib tug nce thiab nyob rau hauv lub vowel eu nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib tug txo). Txawm li cas los xij, nws siv cov ntawv cim digital nkaus xwb los ua kev npaj rau kev kawm txog qhov feem ntau lees txais tsib-linear notation. Nws tus menyuam kawm ntawv E. Pari tau txhawb txoj kev sib dhos. syllables ("la langue des durées" - "cov lus ntawm lub sijhawm"). E. Sheve, tus sau ntawm ntau yam txheej txheem. phau ntawv thiab phau ntawv kawm, rau 20 xyoo pawg hu nkauj coj lub voj voog. hu nkauj, txhim kho qhov system thiab ua tiav nws qhov kev lees paub. Xyoo 1883, Galen-Paris-Cheve system tau raug pom zoo rau qhov pib. cov tsev kawm ntawv, xyoo 1905 thiab rau cf. cov tsev kawm ntawv nyob Fab Kis teb. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th nyob rau hauv lub conservatories ntawm Fabkis, ntuj S. yog siv; nyob rau hauv kev kawm ntawv. Cov tsev kawm ntawv siv cov ntawv sau zoo tib yam, tab sis feem ntau lawv raug qhia kom hu nkauj los ntawm pob ntseg. Nyob ib ncig ntawm 1540, Italian theorist G. Doni hloov lub suab ut nrog lub suab ua thawj zaug rau kev yooj yim ntawm kev hu nkauj. Hauv tebchaws Askiv hauv 1st ib nrab. Xyoo 19th S. Glover thiab J. Curwen tsim lub npe hu ua. "Tonic Sol-fa method" ntawm kev qhia suab paj nruag. Cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm txoj kev no siv cov txheeb ze S. nrog cov lus ua, re, mi, fa, so, la, ti (doh, ray, me, fah, sol, lah, te) thiab cov tsiaj ntawv sau nrog cov tsiaj ntawv thawj zaug ntawm cov lus no: d , r, m, f, s, 1, t. Kev nce hauv cov kauj ruam yog qhia nrog tus vowel i; txo qis nrog kev pab ntawm lub suab o ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub suab; altered npe nyob rau hauv notation. sau tawm tag nrho. Txhawm rau txiav txim siab tonality, kev coj noj coj ua yog khaws cia. tsab ntawv xaiv (piv txwv li, lub cim "Key G" qhia txog kev ua haujlwm hauv G-dur lossis e-moll). Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, cov yam ntxwv intonations yog mastered nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim sib haum mus rau lub modal functions ntawm cov kauj ruam: 1st theem - kauj ruam I, V, III; 2nd - theem II thiab VII; 3rd - theem IV thiab VI loj; Tom qab ntawd, cov nplai loj tag nrho, ntu ntu, hloov kho yooj yim, hom me, hloov pauv tau muab. Ch. Curwen txoj hauj lwm "Cov txheej txheem ntawm cov lus qhia thiab kev tawm dag zog hauv Tonic Sol-fa txoj kev qhia suab paj nruag" (1858) yog ib qho systematic. tsev kawm hu nkauj. hu nkauj. Hauv tebchaws Yelemes, A. Hundegger tau hloov kho Tonic Sol-fa txoj hauv kev rau cov yam ntxwv ntawm nws. lus, muab nws lub npe. "Tonic Do" (1897; cov kauj ruam ntuj: ua, re, mi, fa, so, la, ti, tsa - xaus hauv kuv, qis - hauv thiab). Txoj kev no tau nthuav dav tom qab Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb thib 1 (1914–18) (F. Jode hauv Tebchaws Yelemees thiab lwm tus). Kev txhim kho ntxiv tom qab Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum II (2–XNUMX) tau ua tiav hauv GDR los ntawm A. Stir thiab hauv Switzerland los ntawm R. Schoch. Hauv Tebchaws Yelemees, "Union of Tonic Do" ua haujlwm.

Ntxiv rau cov txheej txheem S. yooj yim, hauv 16-19 centuries. nyob rau hauv Netherlands, Belgium, Lub teb chaws Yelemees, Fabkis, Ltalis, ib tug xov tooj ntawm lwm tus tau muab tso rau pem hauv ntej. Ntawm lawv - hom muaj feem xyuam. S. nrog cov npe ntawm cov lej: hauv tebchaws Yelemes - eins, zwei, drei, vier, fünf, sechs, sieb'n (!) (K. Horstig, 1800; B. Natorp, 1813), hauv Fabkis - un, deux, trois , quatr' (!), cinq, rau, sept (G. Boquillon, 1823) yam tsis xav txog kev hloov pauv. cov kauj ruam. Ntawm cov txheej txheem tsis meej, S. khaws lub ntsiab lus ntawm Clavisieren lossis Abecedieren, uas yog, hu nkauj nrog tsab ntawv siv hauv German lub tebchaws. lus los ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th. Lub kaw lus ntawm K. Eitz ("Tonwortmethode", 1891) yog qhov txawv ntawm melodiousness thiab logic, xav txog ob qho tib si chromaticity, diatonicity, thiab anharmonism ntawm European. suab system. Raws li qee lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm Eitz thiab Tonic Do txoj kev, tus txheeb ze tshiab S. "YALE" los ntawm R. Münnich (1930) tau tsim, uas xyoo 1959 tau raug pom zoo hauv GDR rau kev siv hauv kev kawm dav dav. tsev kawm ntawv. Hauv Hungary, Z. Kodai tau hloov kho cov kab ke "Tonic Sol-fa" - "Tonic Do" rau pentatonic. Hungarian xwm. nar. nkauj. Nws thiab nws cov menyuam kawm ntawv E. Adas thiab D. Kerenyi hauv xyoo 1943-44 tau luam tawm Phau Ntawv Nkauj, hu nkauj cov phau ntawv qhia kev kawm. Cov tsev kawm ntawv, cov txheej txheem qhia rau cov kws qhia ntawv siv cov txheeb ze C. (Hungarian syllables: du, rй, mi, fb, szу, lb, ti; qhov nce hauv cov kauj ruam yog qhia los ntawm qhov kawg "i", qhov txo qis - los ntawm qhov kawg "a ”.) Kev txhim kho ntawm cov kab ke txuas ntxiv los ntawm E Sönyi, Y. Gat, L. Agochi, K. Forrai thiab lwm tus. kev kawm nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm Kodaly system nyob rau hauv lub Hungarian People's Republic tau qhia nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov theem ntawm lub Nar. kev kawm, pib nrog kindergartens thiab xaus nrog Higher Music. tsev kawm ntawv lawv. F. List. Tam sim no, nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb chaws, suab paj nruag tau raug teeb tsa. kev kawm raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm Kodály, raws li nat. folklore, nrog rau kev siv cov txheeb ze S. lub koom haum muaj npe tom qab. Kodai hauv Tebchaws Meskas (Boston, 1969), Nyiv (Tokyo, 1970), Canada (Ottawa, 1976), Australia (1977), Intern. Kodai Society (Budapest, 1975).

Gvidonova S. nkag mus rau hauv Russia los ntawm Poland thiab Lithuania nrog rau tsib kab lus (songbook "Songs of praise of Boskikh", compiled by Jan Zaremba, Brest, 1558; J. Lyauksminas, "Ars et praxis musica", Vilnius, 1667 ). Nikolai Diletsky's "Cov Lus Qhuab Qhia ntawm Kev Hu Nkauj" (Smolensk, 1677; Moscow, 1679 thiab 1681, ed. 1910, 1970, 1979) muaj cov voj voog ntawm plaub thiab thib tsib nrog kev txav ntawm tib lub suab paj nruag. kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov yuam sij loj thiab me. Hauv con. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th kiag li "natural solfeggio" tau paub nyob rau hauv Russia ua tsaug rau cov Italian. vocalists thiab composers-xib fwb uas ua hauj lwm Ch. arr. nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg (A. Sapienza, J. thiab V. Manfredini, thiab lwm yam), thiab pib siv nyob rau hauv lub Pridv. chanter chapel, nyob rau hauv lub chapel ntawm suav Sheremetev thiab lwm yam serf choirs, nyob rau hauv noble uch. cov tsev kawm ntawv (piv txwv li, hauv lub koom haum Smolny), hauv cov suab paj nruag ntiag tug. cov tsev kawm ntawv uas tshwm sim los ntawm 1770s. Tab sis pawg ntseeg. phau ntawv nkauj tau luam tawm nyob rau xyoo 19th. hauv "cephout key" (saib Cov Ntsiab Cai). Txij li thaum xyoo 1860s S. yog ib qho kev kawm hauv St. Petersburg. thiab Mosk. conservatories, tab sis hais txog. S., txuam nrog cov digital system Galen - Paris - Sheve, hauv St. Petersburg. Suab paj nruag dawb. tsev kawm ntawv thiab chav hu nkauj yooj yooj yim dawb. hu nkauj Moscow. departments ntawm RMS. Daim ntawv thov hais txog. Suab paj nruag tau txhawb nqa los ntawm MA Balakirev, G. Ya. Lomakin, VS Serova, VF Odoevsky, NG Rubinshtein, GA Larosh, KK Albrecht, thiab lwm yam. Cov txheej txheem phau ntawv tau luam tawm ob qho tib si hauv tsib-linear notation thiab absolute C., thiab hauv digital notation thiab ntsig txog. C. Pib txij xyoo 1905, P. Mironositsky tau txhawb nqa txoj kev Tonic Sol-fa, uas nws tau yoog rau Lavxias. lus.

Nyob rau hauv lub USSR, rau ib ntev lub sij hawm lawv tseem siv tshwj xeeb cov tsoos kiag li S., txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv lub Sov. lub sij hawm, lub hom phiaj ntawm S. cov chav kawm, suab paj nruag tau hloov loj heev. cov ntaub ntawv, kev qhia. Lub hom phiaj ntawm S. tsis yog tsuas yog paub txog cov suab paj nruag, tab sis kuj yog kev paub txog cov cai ntawm cov suab paj nruag. hais lus ntawm cov khoom ntawm Nar. thiab prof. kev muaj tswv yim. Los ntawm 1964 H. Kalyuste (Est. SSR) tsim ib lub suab paj nruag. kev kawm nrog kev siv kev sib txheeb. S., raws li Kodai system. Raws li qhov tseeb hais tias cov suab lus ua, re, mi, fa, ntsev, la, si ua haujlwm hauv USSR los qhia txog qhov siab ntawm lub suab, Caljuste tau xa cov npe tshiab ntawm cov suab lus. Cov kauj ruam ntawm hom loj: JO, LE, MI, NA, SO, RA, DI nrog lub npe ntawm tus me tonic los ntawm lub suab RA, qhov nce ntawm cov kauj ruam dhau los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm cov lus rau hauv cov suab lus kuv, qhov txo qis los ntawm cov suab lus. xaus rau hauv lub suab i. Hauv txhua lub tsev kawm ntawv hauv kev qhia suab paj nruag siv hais txog. S. (raws li phau ntawv qhia ntawm H. Kaljuste thiab R. Päts). Hauv Latv. SSR tau ua haujlwm zoo sib xws (tus sau phau ntawv thiab phau ntawv ntawm C yog A. Eidins, E. Silins, A. Krumins). Cov kev paub ntawm daim ntawv thov cuam tshuam. S. nrog cov lus Yo, LE, VI, NA, 30, RA, TI muaj nyob rau hauv RSFSR, Belarus, Ukraine, Armenia, Georgia, Lithuania, thiab Moldova. Lub hom phiaj ntawm cov kev sim no yog tsim kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev tsim cov muses. hnov, kev txhim kho zoo tshaj plaws ntawm pej xeem-suab nkauj kab lis kev cai ntawm txhua haiv neeg, nce qib suab paj nruag. kev paub ntawv ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv.

2) Nyob rau hauv lo lus "S." Qee lub sij hawm lawv nkag siab txog kev nyeem ntawv yam tsis muaj intonation, piv rau lo lus "solfeggio" - hu nkauj nrog cov npe sib xws ( thawj zaug los ntawm K. Albrecht hauv phau ntawv "Course of Solfeggio", 1880). Xws li kev txhais lus yog arbitrary, tsis sib xws rau tej keeb kwm. lub ntsiab lus, tsis yog niaj hnub intl. siv lub sij hawm "C".

References: Albrecht KK, Qhia rau kev hu nkauj hu nkauj raws li Sheve digital method, M., 1868; Miropolsky S., Ntawm kev kawm suab paj nruag ntawm cov neeg nyob rau hauv Russia thiab Western Europe, St. Petersburg, 1881, 1910; Diletsky Nikolai, Suab paj nruag Grammar, St. Petersburg, 1910; Livanova TN, Keeb kwm ntawm Western European suab paj nruag txog 1789, M.-L., 1940; Apraksina O., Suab paj nruag kev kawm nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab tsev kawm ntawv theem nrab, M.-L., 1948; Odoevsky VP, Dawb chav kawm ntawm kev hu nkauj yooj yim ntawm RMS hauv Moscow, Den, 1864, Tsis muaj 46, tib yam, hauv nws phau ntawv. Suab paj nruag thiab ntaub ntawv keeb kwm, M., 1956; nws tus kheej, ABC music, (1861), ibid.; nws, Tsab ntawv rau VS Serova hnub tim 11 I 1864, ibid.; Lokshin DL, Choral hu nkauj nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab pre-revolutionary thiab Soviet tsev kawm ntawv, M., 1957; Weiss R., Absolute and relative solmization, nyob rau hauv phau ntawv: Cov lus nug ntawm txoj kev qhia kev hnov ​​lus, L., 1967; Maillart R., Les tons, ou Discours sur les modes de musique…, Tournai, 1610; Solfèges pour servir a l'tude dans le Conservatoire de Musique a Pans, par les Citoyens Agus, Catel, Cherubini, Gossec, Langlé, Martini, Méhul et Rey, R., An X (1802); Chevé E., Paris N., Méthode élémentaire de musique vocale, R., 1844; Glover SA, Phau ntawv ntawm Norwich sol-fa system, 1845; Сurwen J., Tus txheej txheem ntawm cov lus qhia thiab kev tawm dag zog m lub tonic sol-fa txoj kev qhia suab paj nruag, L., 1858; Hundoegger A., ​​​Leitfaden der Tonika Do-Lehre, Hannover, 1897; Lange G., Zur Geschichte der Solmisation, “SIMG”, Bd 1, B., 1899-1900; Kodaly Z., Iskolai nekgyjtemny, köt 1-2, Bdpst, 1943; nws tus kheej, Visszatekintйs, köt 1-2, Bdpst, 1964; Adam J., Mudszeres nektanitbs, Bdpst, 1944; Szцnyi E., Azenei нrвs-olvasбs mуdszertana, kцt. 1-3, Bdpst, 1954; S'ndor F., Zenei nevel's Magyarorsz'gon, Bdpst, 1964; Stier A., ​​​Methodik der Musikerziehung. Nach den Grundsätzen der Tonika Do-Lehre, Lpz., 1958; Handbuch der Musikerziehung, Tl 1-3, Lpz., 1968-69.

PF Weiss