Suab nkauj kho siab |
Suab paj nruag - pej xeem, them nyiaj ua suab paj nruag raws li qhov kev tshaj tawm ua ntej, los ntawm ib lossis ntau tus kws ntaus nkauj hauv chav tshwj xeeb. Kev pom zoo nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th. TO. raws li cov qauv ntawm haiv neeg. ua si suab paj nruag yog vim kev loj hlob ntawm roob. bourgeois-democratic arts. kab lis kev cai. Ua kom pej xeem txaus siab rau instr. suab paj nruag, uas mus txog rau lub sij hawm ntawd muab tshem tawm. nyiam rau opera, coj mus rau tsim ib tug tshiab, concerts cov neeg tuaj saib, uas tau yooj yim los ntawm lub ua yeeb yam ib puag ncig. kev ua yeeb yam ntawm cov xyoo ntawd - hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm operas, thiab qee zaum ua yeeb yam. kev ua yeeb yam tau instr. virtuosos (xws li kev ua yeeb yam muaj sia nyob mus txog 80s. 19th caug xyoo), nrog rau nruab nrab ntawm ib pawg ntseeg. cov kev pabcuam, cov lus qhuab qhia (ntau zaus hauv Zap. Teb chaws Europe). Tawm tsam nrog cov suab paj nruag secular. kab lis kev cai, pawg ntseeg siv txij li xyoo pua 17th. nrog rau lub cev thiab hu nkauj skr. suab paj nruag, tsim ib tug semblance ntawm conc. thaum muaj kev ntseeg. lub chaw teeb tsa. Violin as a solo instrument and skr. lub koom txoos nyob ib qho chaw tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim ntawm Catholic. pawg, raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm uas nyob rau hauv Italian. instrument music tau tsim tshwj xeeb. ice hom thiab daim ntawv, muab rau originality ntawm qhov teeb meem (lub tsev teev ntuj. sonata, concerto grosso). Thoob plaws hauv lub xyoo pua 17th thiab yuav luag tag nrho cov xyoo pua 18th. rau adjectives lub neej, aristocratic salons, dav nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm academies, collegium musicum yog Ch. sij hawm tuaj txog. feem ntau hu ua kaw suab paj nruag. TO. tau tsim kom muaj kev txwv. lub voj voog ntawm cov neeg tshwj xeeb caw. VC. musicians uas yog nyob rau hauv kev pab cuam ntawm ib tug los yog lwm tus neeg muaj koob muaj npe patron ntawm kev ua yeeb yam, uas feem ntau muaj lawv tus kheej cov cuab yeej, feem ntau tau koom nrog. thiab hu nkauj. chapels (muab rau cov mloog dawb xwb). Cov kev xaiv ntawm cov neeg tuaj saib thiab qhov loj me ntawm thaj chaw txiav txim siab cov ntsiab lus ntawm xws li concerts, uas feem ntau bore tus cwj pwm ntawm chamber-ensemble music-ua. Nrog rau qhov no, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th. muaj lwm daim ntawv K. - pej xeem them nyiaj ua yeeb yam ntawm cov kws ntaus suab paj nruag, tsim los rau kev dav, kev ywj pheej. mloog. Thawj qhov qhib them nyiaj K. tau teeb tsa hauv London xyoo 1672-78 los ntawm violinist J. Banister nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej. tsev; cov neeg mloog tau txais txoj cai xaiv ib txoj haujlwm. Nyob rau hauv 1678-1714 tus naas ej organizer K. hauv London yog T. Britton. Xyoo 1690-93 ntawm no K. npaj los ntawm R. Huab tais sib koom. nrog nws. Opera ua lag luam I. AT. Frank, kuj nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej conc. cuab. Thaum ntawd, subscription K. thiab K. los ntawm subscription. Xyoo 1765-82, cov ntawv teev npe tau nrov hauv London; THIAB. TO. Bach sib koom. nrog K. F. Abel, subscription K., osn. scribbler kuv. AP Zolomon (rau lawv Y. Haydn sau nws lub npe hu ua. London Symphonies). Nyob Fab Kis teb, muaj "Spiritual Concerts" (1725-91), osn. comp. F. A. Philidor; Nyob rau hauv lawv, nrog rau cov suab paj nruag cult, secular instruments kuj tau ua. ensembles, symphonies, solo op. Ua raws li lawv tus yam ntxwv, zoo ib yam li K. koom nrog hauv Leipzig, Vienna, Stockholm. Nrog nees. 18 nyob rau hauv. lub npe. academies - copyright K., thaum tus composer ua nws tus kheej kev ua tau zoo. Hnia. (AT. A. Mozart, L. Beethoven thiab lwm tus). Nyob rau hauv Russia, thawj pej xeem concerts tau muaj nyob rau hauv lub 40s. 18 nyob rau hauv. Petersburg, qhov twg los ntawm 70s. lawv tau systematically. tus cwj pwm (nyob rau hauv Moscow - nyob rau hauv lub 80s). Txawm li cas los xij, tsuas yog tom qab Great Fab Kis. Thaum lub sij hawm lub kiv puag ncig, daim ntawv ntawm pej xeem xinesmas, twb them rau, thaum kawg tau pom zoo, nrog rau ib tug pre-sau cov kev pab cuam sib raug rau cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub zej zog. Ib hom kev ua yeeb yam tshiab, "kev ua yeeb yam" virtuoso, raug tsim; daim ntawv ntawm nws kev ua yeeb yam pej xeem, solo k., tab tom ua haujlwm; hom kev pab cuam tau ua thoob plaws hauv k. soloist nrog piano accompaniment Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv lub 1st ib nrab. 19 nyob rau hauv. kev sib xyaw ntawm K. soloist - virtuoso instrumentalist lossis singer, nyob rau hauv uas lub orchestra koom, thiab lwm yam. cov neeg ua yeeb yam (ie. Mr. entourage). Daim ntawv no tau hloov pauv los ntawm kev ua yeeb yam ntawm tus soloist hauv pawg ntseeg ntawm qhov chaw ntawm pawg, oratorio, lossis hauv t-re, thaum lub sijhawm sib cuam tshuam ntawm kev ua yeeb yam. sawv cev rau nws tus kheej ywj pheej K. - piano-violin-tus thawj coj-abendum (German. piano-violin-songs-kuj). Rov qab nyob rau hauv lub lig 30s. 19 nyob rau hauv. txawm N. Paganini ua nyob rau hauv lub entourage. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub 40s. F. Liszt yog thawj zaug muab ib tug solo K., tsis muaj kev koom tes ntawm lwm tus. cov neeg ua yeeb yam. Suab paj nruag loj hlob. art-va thiab kev coj noj coj ua, kev nthuav dav ntawm K., kev loj hlob ntawm muses. kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub teb chaws pab txhawb rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm tshiab, capitalist. forms of organization conc. lub neej. Xyoo 1880 hauv Berlin G. Hma nrhiav tau thawj conc. ib lub koom haum uas pib npaj kev ua yeeb yam los ntawm cov kws ua yeeb yam ntawm qee yam khoom siv. Qhov no cim qhov pib ntawm lub niaj hnub conc. "kev lag luam", uas tau txais kev loj hlob tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas, qhov twg muaj ntau yam conc. cov koom haum, impresario thiab cov thawj coj npaj K., ncig xyuas txawv teb chaws. kos duab. Thoob plaws hauv lub xyoo pua 19th TO. (symphonic, chamber, solo) tau dhau los ua ntau dua, nyob rau hauv qhov kev ua si ntawm dec. hom suab paj nruag societies uas muaj nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov loj Europe. cov chaw kab lis kev cai. Hauv 19 in. lub koob meej loj tshaj plaws tau yeej los ntawm kev mus tas li symphony. TO. Society of Concerts ntawm Paris Conservatoire (lub ntsiab. xyoo 1828), K. Leipzig Gewandhaus, Vienna (lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb. nyob rau hauv 1842) thiab Berlin (lub ntsiab. nyob rau hauv 1882) philharmonic. Orchestras, Lamoureux Concerts in Paris (lub ntsiab. xyoo 1881), London Promenade Concerts, thiab lwm yam.; nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th - K. Boston (qhov loj. nyob rau hauv 1881) thiab Philadelphia (lub ntsiab. Xyoo 1900) orchestras, BBC Orchestra (London), Paris Orchestra, thiab lwm yam. Hauv 2nd ib nrab. 20 nyob rau hauv. Cov cim tau siv dav. thiab chamber concerts npaj nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm lub thoob ntiaj teb. dej khov festivals. Zarub ua ntau yam. tours ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam loj. collectives (opera t-ditch, symphony. orchestras, chamber ensembles, thiab lwm yam). Hauv ntau lub tebchaws tab tom tsim cov rooj sib tham uas tuaj yeem ua tau raws li cov neeg tuaj saib coob. Nyob rau hauv lub pre-revolutionary Russia yog tseem ceeb heev rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm conc. lub neej thiab lub koom haum symph. thiab Chamberlain K. muaj St. Petersburg Philharmonic Society, Moscow Philharmonic Society, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog Lavxias teb sab Musical Society, raws li zoo raws li xws li conc. Cov koom haum xws li "Concerts S. A. Koussevitzky” (1909-1914), “Concerts los ntawm A.
Kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb hauv conc. cov kev ua ub no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub USSR, qhov twg lub koom haum thiab cov thawj coj ntawm lub conc. lub neej yog nyob rau hauv txhais tes ntawm lub socialist. xeev-va. Nyob rau hauv thawj zaug post-revolutionary Thaum lub sij hawm lub xyoo, xws li tshiab loj loj concerts tshwm sim raws li ib tug kev hais kwv txhiaj-kev sib ntsib, lub "Corporation ntawm Artists - Soloists ntawm lub Bolshoi T-ra" nyob rau hauv Moscow, Leningrad. hu nkauj. roob olympiads. suab paj nruag amateur ua yeeb yam (thawj yog muaj nyob rau hauv 1927, mus txog 100000 musicians koom nyob rau hauv ib co). Guide conc. lub neej nyob rau hauv lub USSR yog concentrated nyob rau hauv lub xeev. Cov koom haum kev hais kwv txhiaj - Soyuzconcert, Rosconcert, Ukrconcert thiab lwm tus, Republican, regional thiab nroog. philharmonics. Hauv nws txoj haujlwm, owls conc. cov koom haum ua raws li cov cai tshiab. Kev ua suab paj nruag-kev kawm thiab kev coj noj coj ua tuaj ua ntej. Rau. koom tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv conc. halls ntawm lub nroog loj, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv me me zos, nyob rau hauv cov koom haum, lub tsev ntawm kab lis kev cai thiab kev cob qhia ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab factories, nyob rau hauv lub xeev ua liaj ua teb, collective ua liaj ua teb. Lub koom haum philharmonic tau ua ntau yam suab paj nruag thiab kev kawm ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg mloog. Annotated K. cov kev pab cuam raug luam tawm, cov ntawv tshaj tawm tau luam tawm (los pab cov neeg mloog), nrog rau ntau lwm tus. Philharmonics muaj lub tsev hais lus mus tas li. Lub koom haum philharmonic muaj thawj-chav soloists thiab ua yeeb yam pab pawg uas tau yeej lub ntiaj teb koob meej: Lub Xeev Symphony Orchestra ntawm USSR, Moscow Philharmonic Symphony Orchestra, Moscow. Chamber Orchestra (tsim nyob rau hauv 1956), Symphony Orchestra ntawm Leningrad Philharmonic, State Academic Lavxias teb sab Choir ntawm lub USSR, Republican Lavxias teb sab Choir, String Quartet. Borodin (tsim nyob rau hauv 1945);
References: Albrecht E., General piav qhia txog cov dej num ntawm St. Petersburg Philharmonic Society, St. Petersburg, 1884; Imperial Russia Musical Society. Moscow ceg. Kev Sib Tham Symphony 1-500. Kev txheeb cais, M., 1899; 100th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm St. Petersburg Philharmonic Society. 1802-1902, St. Petersburg, 1902 (nrog ib daim ntawv teev cov kev pab cuam rau symphonic concerts); Lub voj voog ntawm lovers ntawm Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag. X (1896-1906), M., 1906 (nrog ib daim ntawv teev cov kev hais kwv txhiaj); Findeizen NF, Essay ntawm cov dej num ntawm St. Petersburg ceg ntawm lub Imperial Lavxias teb sab Musical Society (1859-1909), St. Petersburg, 1909 (nrog rau cov ntawv ntxiv: cov kev pab cuam ntawm symphony thiab chamber concerts; ua yeeb yam); St. Petersburg concerts los ntawm A. Siloti. Kev hais kwv txhiaj rau kaum lub caij (1903/1904-1912/1913), St. Petersburg, 1913; State Academic Philharmonic Society (Leningrad). Kaum xyoo ntawm symphonic suab paj nruag. 1917-1927, L., 1928 (nrog ib daim ntawv teev cov kev pab cuam); Leningrad Philharmonic. Cov ntawv. Nco. Cov ntaub ntawv, (sb.), L., 1972; Moscow State Philharmonic, M., 1973; Elwart AAE, Histoire de la Société des concerts du Conservatoire imperial de musique, P., 1860; Deldever EME, Histoire des concerts populaires, P., 1864; Brenet M. (Babilljer M.), Les concerts en France sous l Ancien régime, P., 1900; Rierre C., Le concert spirituel 1725 a 1790, P., 1900; Bekker P., Das deutsche Musikleben, Stuttg. – V., 1916; Dandelot A., La Société des concerts du Conservatoire de 1828 a 1923, P., 1923; Meyer K., Das Konzert, ein Führer, Stuttg., 1925; Preussner E., Die bürgerliche Musikkultur, Hamb., 1935, “Kassel-Basel, 1954; Van der Wall W., Liepmann SM, Musik institution, NY, 1936; Maugé G., Concert, P., 1937; Gerhardt E., Recital, L., 1953; Bauer R., Das Konzert, B., 1955.
IM Yampolsky
