Mstislav Leopoldovich Rostropovich (Mstislav Rostropovich) |

Mstislav Rostropovich

Cov neeg ua yeeb yam ntawm USSR (1966), tus yeej ntawm Stalin (1951) thiab Lenin (1964) khoom plig ntawm lub USSR, lub xeev nqi zog ntawm RSFSR (1991), lub xeev nqi zog ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation (1995). Paub tsis tau tsuas yog raws li ib tug tshuab raj, tab sis kuj raws li ib tug pej xeem daim duab. Lub London Times hu nws ua tus kws ntaus nkauj zoo tshaj plaws. Nws lub npe suav nrog hauv "Forty Immortals" - cov tswv cuab ntawm Fabkis Academy of Arts. Tus tswv cuab ntawm Academy of Sciences thiab Arts (USA), Academy ntawm Santa Cecilia (Rome), Royal Academy of Music of England, Royal Academy ntawm Sweden, Bavarian Academy of Fine Arts, yeej ntawm Imperial Prize ntawm Nyiv Art Association thiab ntau yam khoom plig. Nws tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo kws kho mob los ntawm ntau dua 50 lub tsev kawm qib siab hauv ntau lub tebchaws. Honorary pej xeem ntawm ntau lub nroog ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Tus Thawj Coj ntawm Kev Txiav Txim ntawm Legion of Honour (Fabkis, 1981, 1987), Tus Thawj Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees ntawm Kev Ncaj Ncees ntawm Tebchaws Askiv. Muab khoom plig nrog ntau lub xeev khoom plig los ntawm 29 lub teb chaws. Nyob rau hauv 1997 nws twb muab tsub lub Great Lavxias teb sab nqi zog "Slava / Gloria".

Yug Lub Peb Hlis 27, 1927 hauv Baku. Suab paj nruag pedigree los ntawm Orenburg. Ob yawg thiab niam thiab txiv yog kws ntaus nkauj. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog 15 xyoos, nws twb tau qhia hauv tsev kawm suab paj nruag, kawm nrog M. Chulaki, uas tau khiav tawm mus rau Orenburg thaum lub sijhawm ua tsov rog xyoo. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog 16, nws nkag mus rau Moscow Conservatory nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawm cellist Semyon Kozolupov. Rostropovich txoj kev ua yeeb yam tau pib hauv xyoo 1945, thaum nws tau txais thawj qhov khoom plig ntawm All-Union Kev Sib Tw ntawm Musicians. Kev lees paub thoob ntiaj teb tuaj rau xyoo 1950 tom qab yeej qhov kev sib tw. Hanus Vigan hauv Prague. Tom qab yeej qhov kev sib tw All-Union, Slava Rostropovich, ib tug me nyuam kawm ntawv ntawm lub conservatory, tau pauv los ntawm nws xyoo thib ob mus rau xyoo thib tsib. Tom qab ntawd nws qhia nyob rau hauv Moscow Conservatory rau 26 xyoo, thiab 7 xyoo nyob rau hauv Leningrad Conservatory. Nws cov tub ntxhais kawm yog cov neeg ua yeeb yam zoo, ntau tus ntawm lawv tom qab tau los ua tus xibfwb ntawm lub ntiaj teb kev kawm suab paj nruag: Sergei Roldygin, Iosif Feigelson, Natalia Shakhovskaya, David Geringas, Ivan Monighetti, Eleonora Testelets, Maris Villerush, Misha Maisky.

Raws li nws, peb composers, Prokofiev, Shostakovich thiab Britten, muaj ib tug txiav txim siab ntawm tus tsim ntawm Rostropovich tus cwj pwm. Nws txoj hauj lwm tau tsim nyob rau hauv ob txoj kev - raws li ib tug cellist (soloist thiab ensemble player) thiab raws li ib tug neeg xyuas pib - opera thiab symphony. Qhov tseeb, tag nrho repertoire ntawm cello suab paj nruag suab hauv nws qhov kev ua yeeb yam. Nws txhawb nqa ntau tus kws sau ntawv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm xyoo pua 20th. los tsim tej hauj lwm tshwj xeeb rau nws. Shostakovich thiab Prokofiev, Britten thiab L. Bernstein, A. Dutilleux, V. Lyutoslavsky, K. Penderetsky, B. Tchaikovsky - nyob rau hauv tag nrho, txog 60 cov neeg sau ntawv niaj hnub mob siab rau lawv cov ntawv sau rau Rostropovich. Nws ua thawj zaug 117 ua haujlwm rau cello thiab muab 70 orchestral premieres. Raws li ib tug chamber tshuab raj, nws ua nyob rau hauv ib tug ensemble nrog S. Richter, nyob rau hauv ib tug trio nrog E. Gilels thiab L. Kogan, raws li ib tug pianist nyob rau hauv ib tug ensemble nrog G. Vishnevskaya.

Nws pib ua nws txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv 1967 ntawm lub Bolshoi Theatre (nws ua nws debut nyob rau hauv P. Tchaikovsky's Eugene Onegin, ua raws li los ntawm productions ntawm Semyon Kotko thiab Prokofiev's War thiab Peace). Txawm li cas los xij, lub neej nyob hauv tsev tsis yog tag nrho. Nws poob rau hauv kev txaj muag thiab qhov tshwm sim yog raug yuam tawm ntawm USSR nyob rau hauv 1974. Thiab nyob rau hauv 1978, rau tib neeg txoj cai kev ua ub no (tshwj xeeb, rau patronage ntawm A. Solzhenitsyn), nws thiab nws tus poj niam G. Vishnevskaya tau deprived ntawm Soviet pej xeem. . Nyob rau hauv 1990, M. Gorbachev tau tshaj tawm tsab cai lij choj hais txog kev tshem tawm cov kev daws teeb meem ntawm Pawg Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Pawg Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm kev tsis txaus siab ntawm lawv txoj kev ua pej xeem thiab kev kho dua tshiab ntawm cov npe uas tau raug tshem tawm. Ntau lub teb chaws tau muab Rostropovich coj lawv cov neeg pej xeem, tab sis nws tsis kam, thiab tsis muaj kev ua pej xeem.

Hauv San Francisco nws tau ua (raws li tus thawj coj) Tus Poj huab tais ntawm Spades, hauv Monte Carlo Tus Tsar's Bride. Koom nrog hauv ntiaj teb premieres ntawm xws li operas li Life with an Idiot (1992, Amsterdam) thiab Gesualdo (1995, Vienna) los ntawm A. Schnittke, Lolita R. Shchedrina (ntawm Stockholm Opera). Qhov no tau ua raws li kev ua yeeb yam ntawm Shostakovich's Lady Macbeth ntawm Mtsensk District (hauv thawj tsab) hauv Munich, Paris, Madrid, Buenos Aires, Aldborough, Moscow thiab lwm lub nroog. Tom qab rov qab mus rau Russia, nws ua Khovanshchina raws li kho los ntawm Shostakovich (1996, Moscow, Bolshoi Theatre). Nrog rau Fab Kis Xov Tooj Cua Orchestra hauv Paris, nws tau sau operas Tsov Rog thiab Kev Thaj Yeeb, Eugene Onegin, Boris Godunov, Poj Niam Macbeth ntawm Mtsensk District.

Los ntawm 1977 txog 1994 nws yog Tus Thawj Coj Tus Thawj Coj ntawm National Symphony Orchestra hauv Washington, DC, uas nyob rau hauv nws txoj kev coj los ua ib qho zoo tshaj plaws orchestras hauv Asmeskas. Nws raug caw los ntawm cov suab paj nruag nto moo tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb - Tebchaws Askiv, Fabkis, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, Austria, Tebchaws Asmeskas, Nyiv thiab lwm lub tebchaws.

Organizer ntawm nws tus kheej festivals, ib tug ntawm cov uas yog mob siab rau lub suab paj nruag ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. Lwm qhov yog cello festival hauv nroog Beauvais (Fabkis). Festivals hauv Chicago tau mob siab rau Shostakovich, Prokofiev, Britten. Ntau Rostropovich festivals tau tshwm sim hauv London. Ib tug ntawm lawv, nplooj siab rau Shostakovich, kav ntev li ob peb lub hlis (tag nrho 15 symphonies los ntawm Shostakovich nrog lub London Symphony Orchestra). Ntawm New York Festival, cov suab paj nruag ntawm cov kws sau nkauj uas tau mob siab rau lawv txoj haujlwm rau nws tau ua. Nws koom nyob rau hauv lub Success "Hnub ntawm Benjamin Britten nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg" nyob rau lub ntees ntawm lub 90th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm Britten yug. Ntawm nws txoj kev pib, Pablo Casals Cello Kev Sib Tw hauv Frankfurt tau rov ua dua.

Qhib cov tsev kawm suab paj nruag, ua cov chav kawm master. Txij li thaum xyoo 2004 nws tau ua tus thawj coj ntawm Tsev Kawm Ntawv Qib Siab Suab Nkauj Zoo Tshaj Plaws hauv Valencia (Spain). Txij li xyoo 1998, nyob rau hauv nws qhov kev txhawb nqa, Masterprise International Composition Competition tau muaj, uas yog kev koom tes ntawm BBC, London Symphony Orchestra thiab AMI Cov Ntaub Ntawv. Qhov kev sib tw yog tsim los ua ib qho kev txhawb nqa rau kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov neeg nyiam suab paj nruag thiab cov neeg sau nkauj tam sim no.

Ua si ntau txhiab concerts hauv concert halls, factories, clubs thiab muaj koob muaj npe chaw nyob (ntawm Windsor Palace, kev hais kwv txhiaj nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm 65th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm poj huab tais Sophia ntawm Spain, thiab lwm yam).

Kev txawj ntse tsis txaus ntseeg, kev zoo nkauj ntawm lub suab, kev ua yeeb yam, kab lis kev cai stylistic, kev ua tau zoo, kev sib kis kev xav, kev tshoov siab - tsis muaj cov lus los ua kom txaus siab rau tus kheej thiab kev ua yeeb yam zoo nkauj ntawm tus kws ntaus nkauj. Nws hais tias "Txhua yam kuv ua si, Kuv nyiam ua tsis taus pa," nws hais.

Nws kuj tseem paub txog nws txoj haujlwm pabcuam: nws yog tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm Vishnevskaya-Rostropovich Charitable Foundation, uas muab kev pabcuam rau menyuam yaus cov tsev kho mob hauv Lavxias Federation. Nyob rau hauv 2000, lub hauv paus pib ua ib qho kev pab cuam rau cov me nyuam txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv Russia. Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Cov Nyiaj Pab rau Cov Tub Ntxhais Kawm Txuj Ci ntawm Cov Tsev Kawm Ntawv Suab paj nruag uas tuav nws lub npe, tau tsim Cov Nyiaj Pab rau Cov Tub Ntxhais Hluas hauv Tebchaws Yelemees, cov nyiaj pabcuam rau cov menyuam muaj peev xwm hauv tebchaws Russia.

Qhov tseeb ntawm nws cov lus nyob rau hauv 1989 nyob rau ntawm phab ntsa Berlin, raws li zoo raws li nws tuaj txog nyob rau hauv Moscow nyob rau hauv lub yim hli ntuj 1991, thaum nws koom nrog cov neeg tiv thaiv ntawm Lavxias teb sab White House, tau dav paub. Nws tau txais ntau yam khoom plig rau nws txoj kev siv tib neeg txoj cai, suav nrog Human Rights League Award txhua xyoo (1974). Nws tau hais tias "Tsis muaj leej twg yuav ua tiav hauv kev sib cav rau kuv nrog Russia, txawm tias muaj av ntau npaum li cas los ntawm kuv lub taub hau," nws hais. Ib tug thawj coj los txhawb lub tswv yim ntawm kev tuav lub Sakharov International Arts Success nyob rau hauv Nizhny Novgorod, nws yog ib tug qhua ntawm lub II thiab ib tug koom nrog IV Success.

Rostropovich tus cwj pwm thiab kev ua ub no yog qhov tshwj xeeb. Raws li lawv sau tau zoo, "nrog nws cov txuj ci suab paj nruag zoo nkauj thiab kev coj noj coj ua zoo heev, nws tau txais tag nrho lub ntiaj teb kev vam meej, tsim lub voj voog tshiab ntawm "txoj kev ntshav" ntawm kab lis kev cai thiab kev sib txuas ntawm tib neeg. Yog li, US National Recording Academy nyob rau lub Ob Hlis 2003 tau muab nws qhov Grammy Music Award "rau kev ua haujlwm txawv tshaj plaw li tus cellist thiab tus thawj coj, rau lub neej hauv kev kaw." Nws hu ua "Gagarin's cello" thiab "Maestro Slava".

Walida Kelle

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