Kev tsis sib haum xeeb |
Dissonance (Fabkis dissonance, los ntawm Latin dissono - Kuv suab tawm ntawm lub suab) - lub suab ntawm lub suab uas "tsis sib koom ua ke" rau ib leeg (yuav tsum tsis txhob raug txheeb xyuas nrog kev tsis sib haum xeeb raws li lub suab tsis txaus ntseeg, uas yog, nrog cacophony). Lub tswvyim ntawm "D." siv nyob rau hauv kev tawm tsam rau consonance. D. suav nrog cov vib nas this loj thiab me thiab xya, tritone, thiab lwm yam magnifications. thiab txo cov ntu ntu, nrog rau tag nrho cov chords uas suav nrog tsawg kawg ib qho ntawm cov ntu no. Qhov thib plaub dawb huv - qhov tsis ruaj khov zoo meej consonance - yog txhais tias yog qhov tsis sib xws yog tias nws lub suab qis yog muab tso rau hauv cov ntses bass thaj tsam.
Qhov txawv ntawm consonance thiab D. yog xam nyob rau hauv 4 yam: lej, lub cev (acoustic), physiological, thiab suab paj nruas-psychological. Los ntawm kev ua lej D. qhov kev xav yog qhov sib piv ntawm cov lej ntau dua (kev vibrations, qhov ntev ntawm cov hlua suab) dua li consonance. Piv txwv li, ntawm tag nrho cov consonances, tus me thib peb muaj qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws piv ntawm kev vibration tooj (5: 6), tab sis txhua tus D. yog qhov nyuaj dua (qhov me thib xya yog 5: 9 lossis 9: 16, qhov loj. thib ob yog 8: 9 lossis 9: 10, thiab lwm yam). acoustically, dissonance yog qhia nyob rau hauv ib qho kev nce nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm tsis tu ncua rov ua hauj lwm pab pawg neeg ntawm vibrations (piv txwv li, nrog ib tug ntshiab tsib ntawm 3: 2, repetitions tshwm sim tom qab 2 vibrations, thiab nrog ib tug me me xya - 16: 9 - tom qab 9), zoo li nyob rau hauv qhov teeb meem ntawm internal. kev sib raug zoo hauv pab pawg. Los ntawm cov ntsiab lus no, qhov sib txawv ntawm consonance thiab dissonance tsuas yog ntau npaum li cas (nrog rau ntawm ntau yam dissonant intervals), thiab ciam teb ntawm lawv yog conditional. Los ntawm cov suab paj nruag pom D. kev puas siab puas ntsws hauv kev sib piv nrog consonance - lub suab yog khaus, tsis ruaj khov, qhia kev ntshaw, kev txav. Hauv European modal system ntawm Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog thiab Renaissance, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau tom qab funkts. systems ntawm loj thiab me, zoo. qhov sib txawv ntawm consonance thiab dynamism mus txog qib ntawm kev tawm tsam, sib piv, thiab ua ib qho ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm muses. xav. Lub subordinate xwm ntawm lub suab ntawm D. nyob rau hauv relation mus consonance yog qhia nyob rau hauv lub ntuj hloov ntawm lub D. (nws daws teeb meem) mus rau hauv lub consonance coj.
Muses. kev xyaum ib txwm coj mus rau hauv tus account qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom ntawm consonance thiab D. txog rau thaum xyoo pua 17th. D. tau siv, raws li txoj cai, nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm nws ua tiav kev xa mus rau consonance - raug kev npaj thiab kev daws teeb meem (qhov no siv tshwj xeeb rau qhov hu ua polyphony ntawm "kev sau nruj" ntawm 15th-16th centuries). Nyob rau hauv lub 17-19 centuries. txoj cai tsuas yog tso cai D. Los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th. D. yog nce siv ntawm nws tus kheej-tsis muaj kev npaj thiab tsis muaj kev tso cai ("emancipation" ntawm D.). Kev txwv tsis pub octave ob npaug hauv dodecaphony tuaj yeem nkag siab tias yog kev txwv tsis pub ob npaug ntawm lub suab dissonant nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb.
Проблема Д. yeej ib txwm yog ib lub hauv paus hauv muses. kev xav. Cov theorists ntawm Cov Nrab Hnub nyoog thaum ntxov tau qiv cov tswv yim qub txog D. (lawv suav tsis tau tsuas yog vib nas this thiab xya, tab sis kuj yog peb thiab thib rau). Txawm tias Franco ntawm Cologne (13th caug xyoo) tau cuv npe hauv pab pawg D. loj thiab me thib rau ("tsis zoo D."). Hauv suab paj nruag. theories ntawm lub Nrab Hnub nyoog lig (12-13 centuries) peb thiab thib rau tsis tau txiav txim siab D. thiab перешли в разряд консонансов («несовершенных»). Nyob rau hauv cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm counterpoint "kev sau nruj" 15-16 centuries. D. Nws suav hais tias yog kev hloov pauv ntawm ib lub consonance mus rau lwm qhov, ntxiv rau, ib qho polygonal. consonances raug kho raws li kev sib txuas ntawm ntsug ntu (punctus contra punctum); ib quart nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau lub suab qis yog xam D. Nyob rau sab hnyav D. txhais tau tias yog kev npaj kaw, ntawm lub ntsws - raws li kev dhau los lossis kev pabcuam. suab (nrog rau cambiata). Txij li thaum kawg ntawm 16 in. txoj kev xav tau lees paub qhov kev nkag siab tshiab ntawm D. qhia tshwj xeeb li cas. txhais tau tias (thiab tsis yog txhais tau hais tias shading "sweetness" ntawm consonance). AT. Galilee (“Il primo libro della prattica del contrapunto”, 1588-1591) tso cai rau kev qhia tsis tau npaj los ntawm D. Nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm chord-harmonics. kev xav (17-19 centuries), lub tswv yim tshiab ntawm D. Paub qhov txawv D. chordal (diatonic, non-diatonic) thiab muab tau los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm cov suab tsis chord nrog chord suab. Raws li lub func. kev sib haum xeeb (M. Gauptman, G. Helmholtz, X. Риман), IB. muaj "kev ua txhaum ntawm consonance" (Riemann). Txhua lub suab ua ke raug txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov pom ntawm ib qho ntawm ob lub ntuj "consonances" - loj lossis me me sib luag rau nws; nyob rau hauv tonality - los ntawm qhov pom ntawm peb lub hauv paus. triads - T, D thiab S. Piv txwv li, lub chord d1-f1-a1-c2 nyob rau hauv C-dur muaj peb lub suab ntawm lub subdominant triad (f1-a1-c2) thiab ib lub suab ntxiv d1. Всякий не входящий в состав данного осн. triad tone yog D. Los ntawm qhov kev pom no, cov suab tsis sib xws kuj tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv acoustic consonance consonances ("xav txog consonances" raws li Riemann, piv txwv li: d1-f1-a1 hauv C-dur). Nyob rau hauv txhua ob lub suab, tsis yog tag nrho lub sij hawm yog dissonant, tab sis tsuas yog lub suab uas tsis suav nrog hauv ib qho ntawm cov hauv paus. triads (piv txwv li, hauv xya d1-c2 hauv S C-dur dissonates d1, thiab hauv D - c2; thib tsib e1 - h1 yuav yog ib qho kev xav hauv C-dur, txij li h1 lossis e1 yuav tig los ua D. - hauv T lossis D hauv C-dur). Ntau tus theorists ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th tau lees paub tag nrho kev ywj pheej ntawm D. B. L. Yavorsky tau lees paub tias muaj qhov tsis txaus ntseeg tonic, D. как устоя лада (по Яворскому, обычай завершать произведение консонирующим созвучием — « моластические ). A. Schoenberg tsis kam lees qhov zoo sib txawv ntawm D. thiab consonance thiab hu ua D. nyob deb consonances; los ntawm qhov no nws tau txiav txim siab muaj peev xwm siv cov tsis yog tertzian chords ua tus neeg ywj pheej. Kev siv dawb ntawm ib qho D. tejzaum yog nyob rau hauv P. Hindemith, txawm hais tias nws teev ntau yam xwm txheej; Qhov sib txawv ntawm consonance thiab D., raws li Hindemith, kuj yog ntau, consonances maj mam tig mus rau D. Kev txheeb ze D. thiab consonance, tseem ceeb rethought nyob rau hauv niaj hnub. suab paj nruag, tus kws suab paj nruag Soviet B. AT. Asafev, Yu.
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Yu. H. Kholopov
