Tsim suab nkauj |

1) Lub kaw lus ntawm suab piv siv hauv suab paj nruag. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm invariant auditory tswv yim hais txog qhov siab ntawm txhua kauj ruam ntawm lub teev; cov sawv cev no underlies tag nrho cov suab paj nruag. kev ua si (ie. e. compositions, ua yeeb yam thiab kev xaav ntawm suab paj nruag) thiab feem ntau yog kaw nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag sau ntawv, thiab lwm yam. los ntawm cov cim. Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm manifestation ntawm S. in music vim nat. originality ntawm suab paj nruag. kab lis kev cai, nta ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm ladoharmonic. systems, prevailing yuav tsum tau rau suab paj nruag. ntawm lub rooj sib hais Rau kev tsim suab paj nruag. C. txhais tau tias. acoustic cawv. suab paj nruag. suab (xws li, qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub ntuj teev); music C. qhia txog cov kev sib txuas suab nrov tshaj plaws rau qhov tseem ceeb modal system, txawm hais tias nws tsis suav nrog kev ua haujlwm modal, harmonic. kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov suab. Ntawm ib theem ntawm kev txhim kho suab paj nruag. culture S. tuaj yeem dhau los ua lub hauv paus rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov qauv tshiab. Paub yog 5-kauj ruam thiab 7-kauj ruam (hauv ib qho octave) tempered C. nyob rau hauv Indonesia, 17- thiab 24-kauj ruam systems nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag ntawm cov neeg ntawm lub Arab lub teb chaws, 22-kauj ruam S. hauv Is Nrias teb, thiab lwm yam. Hauv Tebchaws Europe, thaum lub sijhawm kev txhim kho monophony, 7-kauj ruam (tom qab 12-kauj ruam) Pythagorean system tau siv. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov hu nkauj. polyphony, muaj ib qho kev xav tau rau cov ntshiab S., to-ry tau thov los ntawm muses. theorists ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th. (L. Folyany, J. Tsarlino - Ltalis). Kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm lub tonal system - nce tus naj npawb ntawm cov yuam sij siv, cov tsos ntawm cov chords nyuaj, kev hloov pauv - coj mus rau qhov tsis sib xws (16 xyoo pua), thiab tom qab ntawd mus rau 12-kauj ruam kev npau taws, uas ua rau muaj kev sib haum xeeb. kev sib npaug ntawm cov suab (cf. Enharmonism) thiab universally tsim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th. C. hauv suab paj nruag nws tuaj yeem qhia tau los ntawm cov lej ntawm cov lej (piv txwv li, los ntawm ib ntu ntawm cov lej yooj yim); xws li kev ua lej kab qhia qhov piv ntawm cov zaus ntawm lub suab - pes tsawg zaus ntawm lub suab sab sauv hauv lub caij nyoog yog ntau dua qhov zaus ntawm qhov qis dua, los yog yuav ua li cas cov suab nrov yog tuned, tsim qhov no los yog lub sij hawm ntawd. vibration: semitone, tag nrho lub suab, ib lub suab thiab ib nrab, thiab lwm yam. thiab lwm yam Piv txwv li, hauv ntshiab S. Cov no yuav yog cov lej hauv qab no, raws li: 16/15, 9/8, 6/5, hauv 12-kauj ruam sib npaug temperament - 21/12, 22/12, 23/12). C. tuaj yeem nthuav tawm raws li ib ntus ntawm cov zaus sib xws rau txhua qhov ntsuas ntawm qhov ntsuas hauv C. Piv txwv li, hauv ntshiab S. los ntawm a1 u440d 1 hertz, lub suab b469,28 yuav muab sib npaug rau 1 hertz, h495 – 2, c528 – 12, nyob rau hauv 440-kauj ruam temperament cov tib lub suab yuav muaj lwm yam nqi: 466; 16, 493; 88, 523; 25, XNUMX hertz. Tus kws lej. C. nyob rau hauv suab paj nruag yog siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim cov suab paj nruag. cov twj paj nruag (txiav txim siab qhov ntev ntawm lub raj lossis cov yas yas ntawm cov cuab yeej cua, qhov chaw ntawm qhov drilling qhov ntawm lawv, teeb tsa cov frets ntawm fretboard ntawm cov hlua plucked instruments, thiab lwm yam). thiab lwm yam), thaum kho lawv, tswj qhov tseeb ntawm kev ua tau zoo hauv ib pawg (choral lossis instrumental), hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev qhia lub rooj sib hais. T. txiv, mathematician C. qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ruaj ntseg, kho kom raug ntawm lub suab ntawm lub suab, thiab yog li hloov mus rau hauv ib qho kev qhia ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov kev sib raug zoo no. Exact S. tuaj yeem ua tau tsuas yog ntawm cov twj paj nruag nrog lub suab ruaj (organ, piano, electromusic. cov cuab yeej, thiab lwm yam. P.). Hauv kev hu nkauj, thaum ua si qee yam cuab yeej (violin, flute, trumpet, thiab lwm yam), raws li kev tshawb fawb los ntawm N. A. Garbuzov, tsim thiaj li hu ua. Mr. zone C. (cm. Zone), uas sib haum mus rau lwm qhov sib txawv - qhov kev ntshaw ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam hauv kev ua yeeb yam. nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav hloov mus tas li txhua yam ntawm cov kauj ruam ntawm lub teev, ie e. nrog kev pab los ntawm lub suab-pitched intonation ntxoov (raws li qhov kev loj hlob ntawm suab paj nruag. prod). Hauv lej suav S. txhua kauj ruam ntawm qhov ntsuas tsis tuaj yeem sib txawv, piv txwv li e. sawv cev los ntawm ib qhov siab (ntau zaus) tus nqi. Qhov xwm txheej no tas li ua rau muaj kev sim tsim cov tshiab, zoo meej muses. C. Hauv 19 in. tshwm sim 40-kauj ruam system P. Thompson, 32-ceev G. Helmholtz, 36-ceev G. Appuna thiab X. Engel, 53-ceev R. AP Bosanqueta thiab S. Tanaki et al. Nyob rau hauv lub USSR, 17- thiab 29-kauj ruam temperaments tau muab los ntawm A. C. Ogolevets, 22-kauj ruam system P. AP Baranovskogo thiab E. E. Yutsevich, 72-kauj ruam system E. A. Murzina, 84-kauj ruam system D. TO. Guzenko et al.

2) Zaus (qhov siab) teeb tsa ntawm lub suab siv ntawm qhov ntsuas. Nyob rau hauv lub USSR, raws li OST-7710, 1 hertz yog teem rau a440.

3) Lub sij hawm "S." hais txog suab paj nruag. instruments txhais tau hais tias cov yam ntxwv ntawm lawv tuning los yog tsim (thib tsib C. violin, plaub - domra, chromatic - khawm accordion, ntuj - horn, thiab lwm yam) los yog kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub suab tiag tiag ntawm lub twj paj nruag thiab cov suab paj nruas cim rau nws (trumpet hauv B, horn hauv F, clarinet hauv A, thiab lwm yam).

4) Choral S., piv txwv li, sib xws ntawm cov neeg hu nkauj ntawm pawg hu nkauj hais txog qhov tseeb ntawm suab intonation; tus yam ntxwv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm pawg hu nkauj. suab. Paub qhov txawv melodic. thiab harmonic. choral S. Thaum ua suab paj nruag, muaj ib tug nyiam mus sharpened intonations ntawm Pythagorean S.; thaum lub sij hawm tua ntawm chords - mus softer intonations ntawm ntshiab S.; Feem ntau, lub suab ntawm pawg hu nkauj yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm cheeb tsam C. Nyob rau hauv 19 - thaum ntxov. Xyoo pua 20th lub tswvyim ntawm "choral S." txhais tau hais tias tus qauv ntawm kev hu nkauj tuning (hauv kev xyaum hu nkauj cappella), uas muaj nyob ua ntej kev pom zoo ntawm ib tus qauv ntawm qhov siab; yav dhau los choral S. piv nrog instr. suab paj nruag yog me ntsis understated.

5) S., los yog lub suab, - tib yam li tonality, hom, ladotonality, inclination (tso tseg); Piv txwv li, "ze tones ntawm harmonic C." (II Dubovsky).

References: Chesnokov PG, Choir thiab kev tswj hwm, M.-L., 1940, M., 1961; Garbuzov HA, Zonal nature of pitch hearing, M.-L., 1948; nws, Intrazonal intonation lub rooj sib hais thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob, M.-L., 1951; Suab paj nruag acoustics, M., 1954; Baranovsky PP, Yutsevich EE, Pitch analysis of the free melodic system, K., 1956; Pigrov KK, Leadership of the choir, M., 1964; Sherman NS, Formation of a uniform temperament system, M., 1964; Pereverzev NK, Teeb meem ntawm suab paj nruag intonation, M., 1966; Pargs Yu. H., Ntawm cov qauv kev kos duab ntawm kev ntshiab intonation hauv kev ua suab paj nruag, M., 1971 (abstract of diss.); Helmholtz H., Die Lehre von den Tonempfindungen…, Braunschweig, 1863, Hildesheim, 1968 Riemann H., Katechismus der Akustik, Lpz., 1875, B., 1891 (Russian translation – Riemann the point of Acoustic view – Riemann G. Suab paj nruag Science, M., 1921.

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