Trumpet: ntaus ntawv ntawm qhov ntsuas, keeb kwm, suab, hom, kev ua si, siv

Feem ntau cov tswv cuab ntawm pawg tooj dag yog cov tsis yog suab paj nruag. Cov neeg xav tau lawv los muab cov cim qhia thaum mus yos hav zoov, mus ze rau kev phom sij, sau cov phiaj xwm tub rog. Cov yeeb nkab tsis muaj qhov tshwj xeeb. Tab sis txij li thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua XX, nws tau los ua ib feem ntawm lub orchestra, suab hauv symphonic, jazz music, thiab solo.

Cov khoom siv yeeb nkab

Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lub suab ntawm cov suab paj nruag cua yog nyob rau hauv kev vibrations thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm huab cua sab hauv lub raj. Qhov ntev nws yog, ntau lub cib fim nws muab rau tus kws ntaus nkauj. Ntawm cov yeeb nkab, nws muaj qhov ntev txog li 150 centimeters, tab sis yog vim li cas ntawm compactness nws khoov ob zaug, txo qhov ntev ntawm qhov ntsuas mus rau 50 cm.

Lub raj muaj cov duab ntawm lub tog raj kheej nrog ib txoj kab uas hla ntawm tsuas yog tshaj ib centimeter, nws maj mam nthuav, tig mus rau hauv lub qhov (socket). Manufacturing technology yog complex. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom suav cov qib ntawm kev nthuav dav ntawm lub qhov (socket) kom raug raws li qhov ntev ntawm lub ntsiab channel.

Interestingly, muaj cov yeeb nkab ntev tshaj plaws hauv lub ntiaj teb nrog qhov ntev ntawm 32 meters thiab lub qhov (socket) txoj kab uas hla ntawm ntau tshaj 5 meters. Nws yog tseeb hais tias ib tug neeg yuav tsis muaj peev xwm ua si ntawm nws. Cua yog nkag rau channel los ntawm kev siv lub compressor.

Cov cuab yeej muaj peb ntu: lub qhov ncauj, lub raj thiab lub tswb. Tab sis qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb thiab nyob deb ntawm tag nrho cov tswv yim ntawm cov cuab yeej. Qhov tseeb, muaj ntau yam tseem ceeb hauv nws. Ntawm cov ntsiab lus:

• lub qhov ncauj - txuas lub pob ntseg rau lub ntsiab channel;
• thawj, thib ob, thib peb thiab tuning crowns - nrog kev pab los ntawm lub crown ntawm lub dav system thiab nws extension, lub twj paj nruag yog tuned, tus so yog siv rau kev kho;
• li qub - lub kaw lus ntawm li qub, thaum kaw, kev hloov ntawm lub suab tshwm sim;
• ntws valve - ib qho cuab yeej cuab tam uas tsis koom nrog hauv kev rho tawm suab.

Cov raj thiab cov khoom siv ntawm cov cuab yeej yog tsim los ntawm tooj liab thiab tooj liab alloys, cov luster ntawm lub cev yog muab los ntawm lacquer, npib tsib xee lossis nyiaj plating.

Keeb kwm ntawm lub cuab yeej

Cua tshuab tau tshwm sim ntev ua ntej invention ntawm melodic sawv daws yuav. Nws paub tias tib neeg tau kawm trumpet peb centuries ua ntej peb era. Hauv tebchaws Iziv thaum ub, muaj cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb uas cov kav dej tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm ib daim ntawv hlau.

Thaum lub sij hawm excavations hauv Egypt, cov kav dej ua los ntawm cov ntoo thiab cov plhaub tau pom. Thiab nyob rau hauv lub qhov ntxa ntawm Tutankhamun, cov cuab yeej ua los ntawm cov nyiaj thiab tooj liab tau pom.

Nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog, tag nrho cov tub rog tau nruab nrog trumpeters, lawv lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog xa cov lus txib mus rau cov tub rog. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, cov cuab yeej tau siv los nyiam cov neeg saib ntawm jousting tournaments thiab hnub so. Nws lub suab ceeb toom rau cov neeg nyob hauv nroog txog kev tuaj txog ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb lossis xav tau los sib sau ua ke hauv lub xwmfab kom tshaj tawm cov cai.

Nyob rau hauv Baroque era, lub hnub qub ntawm European kev kawm suab paj nruag pib. Lub suab ntawm lub trumpet muaj nyob rau hauv orchestras thawj zaug. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias cov twj paj nruag ua rau nws muaj peev xwm rho tawm tsuas yog lub diatonic nplai, musicians tshwm sim uas masterfully mastered cov txheej txheem los ntawm kev hloov txoj hauj lwm ntawm daim di ncauj.

Tab sis thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX, cov hlua thiab cov suab paj nruag tau vam meej, thiab lub suab raj, txwv tsis pub nws lub peev xwm ua tau zoo, ploj mus rau hauv keeb kwm yav dhau hauv lub suab paj nruag. Nws rov pib ua suab nrov tsuas yog ze rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX. Los ntawm lub sij hawm no, cov craftsmen tau txhim kho tus tsim los ntawm kev qhia ib tug valve system ntawm peb li qub rau hauv nws. Lawv nthuav dav lub peev xwm ntawm cov cuab yeej, tso cai rau nws hloov qhov teev, txo lub suab los ntawm lub suab, semitone thiab ib lub suab thiab ib nrab. Lub trumpet tau txais lub peev xwm los rho tawm cov nplai chromatic, thiab tom qab ib tug xov tooj ntawm kev txhim kho cov cuab yeej, qhov teeb meem ntawm kev txawj ntse thiab kev hloov hauv timbre tau daws.

Cov keeb kwm ntawm cov suab paj nruag cua daj cua dub paub ntau tus trumpeters zoo heev. Ntawm lawv yog Maurice André, lees paub tias yog "tus neeg ntaus suab paj nruag ntawm xyoo pua 200." Nws kho lub trumpet yog ib qho ntawm cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb hauv kev hais kwv txhiaj, qhia ntawm Paris Conservatory, thiab tau sau ntau dua XNUMX discs. Lwm cov trumpeters nto moo xws li Louis Armstrong, Freddie Hubbard, Sergey Nakaryakov, Arturo Sandoval.

System, ntau yam, sau npe

Lub ntsiab ntawm lub orchestra yog lub trumpet nyob rau hauv lub system "B-flat" - "Ua". Cov ntawv sau rau hauv treble clef ib lub suab siab dua lub suab tiag. Hauv kev sau npe qis, qhov ntsuas ua suab nrov nrov, hauv nruab nrab - mos (piano), tub rog, tsis tu ncua (forte). Nyob rau hauv ib tug siab sau npe, lub trumpet hu tus mloog nrog ib tug sonorous, kaj suab.

Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab sau npe, lub trumpet qhia tau hais tias zoo kawg li passage possibilities, ua tsaug rau nws technical mobility nws tso cai rau koj mus sau arpeggios.

Hauv Tebchaws Europe thiab Amelikas, "analogue" ntawm qhov ntsuas no hauv "Ua" system tau pom qhov kev faib loj tshaj plaws. Western suab paj nruag pom ntau qhov zoo ntawm nws siv, yooj yim ntawm lub suab tsim nyob rau hauv lub npe sau npe thiab muaj peev xwm kom paub qhov txawv ntawm "Mi" ntawm ib tug me me octave mus rau "C" ntawm qhov thib peb.

Cov yeeb nkab ntau yam

Lwm hom kav dej tsis tshua siv:

• alto - ntau yam yog siv los tsim cov suab qis qis, "Sol" system, feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag orchestra hom no hloov lub flugelhorn;
• piccolo - tus qauv txhim kho nrog lub valve ntxiv, tuned rau "Sol" lossis "La", muaj lub qhov ncauj me me;
• bass - yog nyob rau hauv "C", tab sis muaj peev xwm ua suab nrov octave qis dua li cov yeeb nkab pa.

Nyob rau hauv niaj hnub symphony orchestras, lub bass trumpet yuav luag tsis siv; nws yog hloov los ntawm trombone.

Cov txheej txheem ua si

Tus neeg ua yeeb yam tuav lub ntsuas nrog nws sab laug tes, nrog nws txoj cai nws ua rau lub valve system. Yuav kom kawm tau li cas ua si, koj yuav tsum to taub hais tias cov extraction ntawm harmonics tshwm sim vim lub embouchure, uas yog, hloov nyob rau hauv txoj hauj lwm ntawm daim di ncauj, tus nplaig, thiab lub ntsej muag nqaij. Daim di ncauj thaum lub suab extraction tau ib qho rigidity, ua nruj. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem, lub tshuab raj txo lub suab nrog li qub.

Vim lub fact tias kev noj cov pa thaum lub sij hawm ua yeeb yam ntawm lub suab paj nruag ntawm lub trumpet yog me me, lub cuab tam tso cai rau koj mus ua ntau yam txuj ci, passages, arpeggios. Ci ntsa iab staccato variations yog paub nyob rau hauv nruab nrab register.

Cov kws tshaj lij nquag siv cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb hu ua mutes thiab muab tso rau hauv lub tswb. Nyob ntawm cov duab ntawm lub suab nrov, lub trumpet yuav suab ntsiag to lossis nrov dua. Yog li hauv jazz, "fungus" feem ntau yog siv, uas ua rau lub suab mos, velvety.

Cov yeeb nkab siv

Ib qho cuab yeej orchestral loj yog siv hauv suab paj nruag los muab nws ua yeeb yam, tsim kom muaj kev sib zog. Lub suab zoo heev, txawm tias nws suab ntsiag to. Yog li ntawd, lub trumpet nyob rau hauv lub compositions sawv cev rau heroic dluab.

Niaj hnub no, trumpeters tuaj yeem ua ib leeg, lossis lawv tuaj yeem tsim tag nrho cov orchestras. Nyob rau hauv 2006, ib pawg ntawm 1166 trumpeters ua nyob rau hauv Oruro, Bolivia. Nws suav nrog hauv keeb kwm suab paj nruag ua ntau tshaj plaws.

Cov twj paj nruag yog siv ntau hom suab paj nruag. Nws yog ib tus tswv cuab tas mus li ntawm jazz, symphony thiab tooj dag band, nws lub suab yuav tsum tau nrog cov tub rog ua yeeb yam.

Cov trumpeters tseem ceeb

Cov nto moo tshaj plaws yog cov kws ntaus nkauj nrog cov txheej txheem ci ntsa iab. Ntawm cov virtuosos uas tau mob siab rau lawv lub neej los txhawb cov cuab yeej yog Arturo Sandaval, uas tau kawm nws txij thaum muaj hnub nyoog 12 xyoos thiab tau txais 10 Grammy khoom plig thaum nws lub neej.

American trumpeter Clark Terry tau tso nws lub cim ntawm jazz kab lis kev cai. Nws tau ua thoob plaws ntiaj teb, muab cov lus qhia dawb, muaj cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb thiab kev tsim txiaj.

Nyob rau hauv 1955, lub trumpet ntawm lwm jazz lus dab neeg, Dizzy Gillepsy, tau muag ntawm Christie lub auction. Cov cuab yeej nto moo tau muaj npe hu ua "Martin Committee" thiab muag rau $ 55.

Txhua leej txhua tus paub zaj dab neeg ntawm ib tug txiv leej tub los ntawm ib tug neeg pluag New York tsev neeg, Louis Armstrong. Nws txoj hmoo yog qhov nyuaj, raws li ib tug hluas nws tau ua txhaum cai, nyiag thiab siv tau nws lub neej tag nrho tom qab tuav. Tab sis muaj ib hnub ntawm lub tsev kho mob nws hnov ​​​​ib tug trumpet thiab xav kawm txog cov cuab yeej. Nws thawj zaug concerts yog txoj kev ua yeeb yam, tab sis tsis ntev Armstrong tau los ua ib tus neeg ua yeeb yam nto moo tshaj plaws, txawv ntawm nws cov txheej txheem radiant. Louis Armstrong tau muab lub ntiaj teb ib lub suab paj nruag keeb kwm ntawm jazz.