Nikolai Rubinstein (Nikolai Rubinstein) |

Nikolai Rubinstein

Lavxias teb sab pianist, neeg xyuas pib, xib fwb, suab paj nruag thiab pej xeem daim duab. Kwv tij ntawm AG Rubinstein. Txij li thaum muaj hnub nyoog 4 xyoos nws kawm ua si piano raws li kev coj ntawm nws niam. Xyoo 1844-46 nws tau nyob hauv Berlin nrog nws niam thiab tus tij laug, qhov chaw nws tau txais kev qhia los ntawm T. Kullak (piano) thiab Z. Dehn (kev sib haum xeeb, polyphony, suab paj nruag). Thaum nws rov qab los rau Moscow, nws tau kawm nrog AI Villuan, uas nws tau ua nws thawj zaug kev hais kwv txhiaj (1846-47). Thaum ntxov 50s. nkag mus rau txoj cai kws qhia ntawv ntawm Moscow University (kawm tiav hauv 1855). Xyoo 1858 nws rov pib ua yeeb yam (Moscow, London). Nyob rau hauv 1859 nws pib qhib lub Moscow ceg ntawm lub RMS, los ntawm 1860 mus txog rau thaum kawg ntawm nws lub neej nws yog nws tus thawj coj thiab tus thawj coj ntawm symphony concerts. Cov chav kawm suab paj nruag tsim los ntawm nws ntawm RMS tau hloov pauv hauv 1866 rau hauv Moscow Conservatory (txog 1881 nws tus xibfwb thiab tus thawj coj).

Rubinstein yog ib qho ntawm cov pianists tseem ceeb ntawm nws lub sijhawm. Txawm li cas los xij, nws cov kev ua yeeb yam tsis tshua muaj neeg paub sab nraud ntawm Russia (ib qho tshwj xeeb yog nws qhov kev ua yeeb yam yeej ntawm kev ua yeeb yam ntawm Ntiaj Teb Exhibition, Paris, 1878, qhov chaw uas nws tau ua 1 Piano Concerto los ntawm PI Tchaikovsky). Feem ntau muab concerts nyob rau hauv Moscow. Nws repertoire yog enlightening nyob rau hauv cov xwm, striking nyob rau hauv nws dav: concertos rau piano thiab orchestra los ntawm JS Bach, L. Beethoven, F. Chopin, F. Liszt, AG Rubinstein; ua hauj lwm rau piano los ntawm Beethoven thiab lwm yam classical thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog romantic composers - R. Schumann, Chopin, Liszt (tom kawg suav hais tias Rubinstein yog tus neeg ua yeeb yam zoo tshaj plaws ntawm nws "Dance of Death" thiab mob siab rau nws "Fantasy on themes of the Ruins of Athens" rau nws). Ib tug propagandist ntawm Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag, Rubinstein pheej ua Balakirev lub piano fantasy "Islamey" thiab lwm yam los ntawm Lavxias teb sab composers mob siab rau nws. Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm Rubinstein yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ib tug neeg txhais lus ntawm lub piano suab paj nruag Tchaikovsky (thawj ua yeeb yam ntawm ntau yam ntawm nws compositions), uas mob siab rau Rubinstein lub thib ob concerto rau piano thiab orchestra, "Lavxias teb sab Scherzo", lub romance "Yog li cas! ...", sau lub piano trio "Nco" ntawm Rubinstein txoj kev tuag zoo tshaj plaws.

Rubinstein qhov kev ua si tau txawv los ntawm nws cov peev txheej, kev ua haujlwm zoo, kev sib haum xeeb ntawm kev xav thiab kev xav, kev ua tiav, kev xav ntawm kev faib ua feem. Nws tsis muaj qhov xwm txheej ntawd, uas tau sau tseg hauv kev ua si ntawm AG Rubinshtein. Rubinstein kuj tau ua yeeb yam hauv chav ua yeeb yam nrog F. Laub, LS Auer thiab lwm tus.

Rubinstein cov dej num raws li tus neeg xyuas pib tau mob siab rau. Tshaj 250 concerts ntawm RMS nyob rau hauv Moscow, ib tug xov tooj ntawm concerts nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg thiab lwm lub nroog tau tuav nyob rau hauv nws cov kev taw qhia. Nyob rau hauv Moscow, nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm Rubinstein, loj oratorio thiab symphonic tej hauj lwm tau ua: cantatas, loj ntawm JS Bach, excerpts los ntawm oratorios ntawm GF Handel, symphonies, opera overtures thiab Requiem los ntawm WA ​​Mozart, symphonic overtures, piano thiab Violin concertos (nrog orchestra) los ntawm Beethoven, tag nrho cov symphonies thiab cov hauj lwm loj tshaj plaws los ntawm F. Mendelssohn, Schumann, Liszt, overtures thiab excerpts los ntawm operas los ntawm R. Wagner. Rubinstein cuam tshuam rau kev tsim lub tsev kawm ua yeeb yam hauv tebchaws. Nws tas li suav nrog nws cov haujlwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab composers - MI Glinka, AS Dargomyzhsky, AG Rubinstein, Balakirev, AP Borodin, NA Rimsky-Korsakov. Ntau yam ntawm Tchaikovsky cov hauj lwm tau ua thawj zaug nyob rau hauv Rubinstein's baton: lub 1st-4th symphonies (lub thib 1 yog mob siab rau Rubinstein), 1 suite, symphonic paj huam "Fatum", lub overture-fantasy "Romeo thiab Juliet", lub symphonic fantasy "Francesca da Rimini", "Italian Capriccio", suab paj nruag rau lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav fairy taleas los ntawm AN Ostrovsky "Lub Snow Maiden", thiab lwm yam. Nws kuj yog tus thawj coj suab paj nruag thiab tus thawj coj ntawm opera ua yeeb yam ntawm Moscow Conservatory, nrog rau thawj ntau lawm. ntawm lub opera "Eugene Onegin" (1879). Rubinstein raws li ib tug neeg xyuas pib tau txawv los ntawm nws lub siab nyiam, muaj peev xwm kawm tau sai sai nrog cov suab paj nruag, qhov tseeb thiab plasticity ntawm nws tus cwj pwm.

Raws li ib tug kws qhia ntawv, Rubinstein coj tsis tau tsuas yog virtuosos, tab sis kuj kawm tau zoo musicians. Nws yog tus sau cov ntaub ntawv kawm, raws li nyob rau hauv ntau xyoo kev qhia tau ua nyob rau hauv cov chav kawm piano ntawm Moscow Conservatory. Lub hauv paus ntawm nws pedagogy yog kev kawm tob ntawm cov suab paj nruag, kev nkag siab ntawm cov qauv ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab cov qauv keeb kwm thiab stylistic qhia hauv nws los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov suab paj nruag. Ib qho chaw loj tau muab rau tus kheej tso saib. Ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm Rubinstein yog SI Taneev, AI Ziloti, E. Sauer, NN Kalinovskaya, F. Friedenthal, RV Genika, NA Muromtseva, A. Yu. Zograf (Dulova) thiab lwm tus. Taneyev muab lub cantata "John ntawm Damascus" rau lub cim xeeb ntawm tus xib fwb.

Rubinstein cov suab paj nruag thiab kev sib raug zoo, cuam tshuam nrog kev sib raug zoo ntawm 50s thiab 60s, tau txawv los ntawm kev ywj pheej, kev coj noj coj ua. Nyob rau hauv kev rau siab ua kom suab paj nruag nkag mus rau ntau yam ntawm cov neeg mloog, nws tau teeb tsa lub npe hu ua. pej xeem concerts. Raws li tus thawj coj ntawm Moscow Conservatory, Rubinshtein tau ua tiav kev tshaj lij ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm, kev hloov pauv ntawm lub chaw saib xyuas mus rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab tiag tiag, kev coj noj coj ua (nws txuas nrog qhov tseem ceeb rau pawg kws kos duab), kev kawm ntawm ntau yam kev kawm suab paj nruag (kev saib xyuas suab paj nruag thiab theoretical kev qhuab qhia). Kev txhawj xeeb txog kev tsim cov suab paj nruag thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv tsev, nws nyiam kev qhia, nrog rau Laub, B. Kosman, J. Galvani thiab lwm tus, Tchaikovsky, GA Laroche, ND Kashkin, AI Dyubyuk, NS Zverev, AD Aleksandrov-Kochetov, DV Razumovsky, Taneev. Rubinstein kuj tau qhia cov suab paj nruag ntawm Polytechnical (1872) thiab All-Lavxias teb sab (1881) exhibitions. Nws ua yeeb yam ntau hauv kev siab hlub concerts, nyob rau hauv 1877-78 nws tau mus ncig xyuas lub nroog ntawm Russia nyob rau hauv txaus siab rau Red Cross.

Rubinstein yog tus sau phau piano (sau hauv nws cov hluas), suav nrog mazurka, bolero, tarantella, polonaise, thiab lwm yam. (tshaj tawm los ntawm Jurgenson), orchestral overture, suab paj nruag rau kev ua si los ntawm VP Begichev thiab AN Kanshin "Cat and Mouse (orchestral). thiab choral tooj, 1861, Maly Theatre, Moscow). Nws yog tus editor ntawm Lavxias teb sab tsab ntawm Mendelssohn's Complete Piano Works. Thawj zaug nyob rau hauv Russia, nws luam tawm xaiv romances (suab paj nruag) los ntawm Schubert thiab Schumann (1862).

Muaj kev nkag siab zoo ntawm lub luag haujlwm, kev ua haujlwm, kev tsis txaus siab, nws nyiam qhov chaw zoo nyob hauv Moscow. Txhua xyoo, tau ntau xyoo, concerts hauv nco txog Rubinstein tau tuav ntawm Moscow Conservatory thiab RMO. Xyoo 1900s muaj Rubinstein lub voj voog.

LZ Korabelnikova UA