Tshajplaws

harpsichord [Fabkis] clavecin, los ntawm Late Lat. clavicymbalum, los ntawm lat. clavis - tus yuam sij (li no tus yuam sij) thiab cymbalum - cymbals] - plucked keyboard suab paj nruas ntsuas. Paub txij li xyoo pua 16th. (pib tsim thaum ntxov li 14th caug xyoo), thawj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog harpsichord hnub rov qab mus rau 1511; cov cuab yeej qub tshaj plaws ntawm Italian ua haujlwm uas tau muaj sia nyob rau hnub no hnub rov qab mus rau 1521.

Lub harpsichord originated los ntawm psalterium (raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm reconstruction thiab ntxiv ib tug keyboard mechanism).

Thaum xub thawj, lub harpsichord yog quadrangular nyob rau hauv cov duab thiab zoo li nyob rau hauv tsos ib tug "dawb" clavichord, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau nws muaj cov hlua ntawm txawv lengths (txhua tus yuam sij sib raug mus rau ib tug tshwj xeeb txoj hlua tuned nyob rau hauv ib tug tej lub suab) thiab ib tug complex keyboard mechanism. Cov hlua ntawm lub harpsichord tau coj mus rau hauv kev co los ntawm ib tug pinch nrog kev pab los ntawm ib tug noog lub plaub, mounted rau ib tug pas nrig - ib tug pusher. Thaum tus yuam sij raug nias, lub laub, nyob rau ntawm nws qhov kawg, sawv thiab cov plaub tau ntes ntawm txoj hlua (tom qab ntawd, cov tawv plectrum tau siv los ntawm cov noog plaub).

Ntaus thiab suab

Cov cuab yeej ntawm sab sauv ntawm lub pusher: 1 - hlua, 2 - axis ntawm kev tso tawm mechanism, 3 - languette (los ntawm Fabkis languette), 4 - plectrum (tus nplaig), 5 - damper.

Lub suab ntawm lub harpsichord yog ci ntsa iab, tab sis tsis melodious (jerky) - uas txhais tau hais tias nws tsis yog amenable rau dynamic kev hloov (nws yog nrov, tab sis tsawg tshaj li hais tias ntawm lub clavichord), kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub zog thiab timbre ntawm lub suab. tsis nyob ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm cov yuam sij. Txhawm rau txhim kho lub suab nrov ntawm harpsichord, ob npaug, triple thiab txawm tias plaub txoj hlua (rau txhua lub suab) tau siv, uas tau kho nyob rau hauv unison, octave, thiab qee zaum lwm lub sijhawm.

evolution

Txij thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, cov hlua hlau tau siv los hloov cov hlua plab, nce ntev (los ntawm treble mus rau bass). Cov cuab yeej tau txais ib daim duab peb sab pterygoid zoo nrog lub longitudinal (sib npaug rau cov yuam sij) kev npaj ntawm cov hlua.

Nyob rau hauv lub 17th thiab 18th centuries muab lub harpsichord ib tug dynamically ntau haiv neeg suab, cov twj paj nruag tau ua nrog 2 (qee zaum 3) phau ntawv keyboards (phau ntawv), uas tau teem ib terraced ib tug saum toj no lwm yam (feem ntau phau ntawv sab sauv yog tuned ib octave siab dua) , nrog rau kev tso npe hloov pauv rau kev nthuav dav trebles, octave ob npaug ntawm basses thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm cov xim timbre (lute register, bassoon register, thiab lwm yam).

Cov ntawv sau npe tau ua los ntawm levers nyob rau ntawm ob sab ntawm cov keyboard, lossis los ntawm cov nyees khawm nyob hauv qab cov keyboard, lossis los ntawm pedals. Ntawm qee qhov harpsichords, rau ntau hom ntoo, 3rd keyboard tau teem nrog qee yam xim xim xim, feem ntau nco txog lub lute (lub npe hu ua lute keyboard).

tsos

Outwardly, harpsichords feem ntau ua tiav heev elegantly (lub cev tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog kos duab, inlays, carvings). Qhov kawg ntawm qhov ntsuas tau ua raws li cov rooj tog stylish ntawm Louis XV era. Nyob rau hauv lub 16th thiab 17th centuries Lub harpsichords ntawm lub Antwerp masters Ruckers sawv tawm rau lawv lub suab zoo thiab lawv artistic tsim.

Harpsichord nyob rau hauv txawv teb chaws

Lub npe "harpsichord" (hauv Fabkis; archichord - hauv tebchaws Askiv, kielflugel - hauv tebchaws Yelemes, clavichembalo lossis abbreviated cembalo - hauv tebchaws Ltalis) tau khaws cia rau cov cuab yeej zoo li tis loj nrog ntau txog 5 octaves. Kuj tseem muaj cov cuab yeej me me, feem ntau yog cov duab plaub, nrog ib txoj hlua thiab ntau txog 4 octaves, hu ua: epinet (hauv Fabkis), spinet (hauv Ltalis), virginel (hauv Askiv).

Lub harpsichord nrog lub cev ntsug yog lub claviciterium. Lub harpsichord tau siv los ua ib qho kev sib tw, chamber-semble thiab orchestral instrument.

Tus tsim ntawm virtuoso harpsichord style yog Italian composer thiab harpsichordist D. Scarlatti (nws muaj ntau yam hauj lwm rau harpsichord); tus tsim ntawm Fabkis lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm harpsichordists yog J. Chambonnière (nws Harpsichord Pieces, 2 phau ntawv, 1670, tau nrov).

Ntawm cov Fabkis harpsichordists ntawm lig 17th thiab 18th centuries. — F. Couperin, JF Rameau, L. Daquin, F. Daidrieu. Fabkis harpsichord suab paj nruag yog ib qho kev kos duab ntawm kev ua kom zoo nkauj, ua kom zoo nkauj zoo nkauj, rationalistically meej, raws li kev coj noj coj ua ntawm aristocratic. Lub suab nrov thiab txias ntawm lub harpsichord yog nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog "zoo suab" ntawm cov neeg xaiv.

Lub gallant style (rococo) pom nws cov embodiment tiag tiag ntawm Fabkis harpsichordists. Cov ntsiab lus nyiam ntawm harpsichord tej yam me me (qhov me me yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm daim duab rococo) yog cov duab poj niam ("Capturing", "Flirty", "Gloomy", "Shy", "Muam Monica", "Florentine" los ntawm Couperin), loj Qhov chaw tau nyob los ntawm kev seev cev zoo nkauj (minuet, gavotte, thiab lwm yam), cov duab zoo nkauj ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb ("Reapers", "Grape Pickers" los ntawm Couperin), onomatopoeic miniatures ("Chicken", "Clock", "Chirping" los ntawm Couperin, "Cuckoo" los ntawm Daken, thiab lwm yam). Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm cov suab paj nruag harpsichord yog cov nplua nuj ntawm cov suab paj nruag.

Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th cov hauj lwm ntawm Fabkis harpsichordists pib ploj mus los ntawm repertoire ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam. Yog li ntawd, lub twj paj nruag, uas muaj keeb kwm ntev thiab zoo li cov cuab yeej cuab tam zoo nkauj, raug yuam tawm ntawm kev ua suab paj nruag thiab hloov los ntawm piano. Thiab tsis yog tsuas yog yuam tawm, tab sis tsis nco qab kiag li hauv lub xyoo pua XNUMX.

Qhov no tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev hloov pauv radical hauv kev nyiam ua kom zoo nkauj. Baroque aesthetics, uas yog raws li ib tug kom meej meej formulation los yog kom meej meej hnov ​​lub tswv yim ntawm txoj kev xav ntawm kev cuam tshuam (luv luv lub ntsiab lus: ib lub siab xav, cuam tshuam - ib lub suab xim), uas lub harpsichord yog ib tug zoo tagnrho txhais tau tias ntawm kev qhia, muab txoj kev ua ntej. mus rau worldview ntawm sentimentalism, ces mus rau ib tug muaj zog kev taw qhia. - Classicism thiab, thaum kawg, Romanticism. Hauv tag nrho cov qauv no, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, lub tswv yim ntawm kev hloov pauv - kev xav, duab, kev xav - tau dhau los ua qhov nyiam tshaj plaws thiab cog qoob loo. Thiab lub piano tau nthuav qhia nws. Lub harpsichord tsis tuaj yeem ua tag nrho qhov no hauv txoj cai - vim qhov peculiarities ntawm nws tus qauv tsim.