Girolamo Frescobaldi |

Girolamo Frescobaldi

G. Frescobaldi yog ib tus kws tshaj lij ntawm Baroque era, tus tsim ntawm Italian organ thiab clavier tsev kawm ntawv. Nws yug los hauv Ferrara, thaum lub sijhawm ntawd yog ib lub chaw suab paj nruag loj tshaj plaws hauv Tebchaws Europe. Lub xyoo thaum ntxov ntawm nws lub neej yog txuam nrog kev pab cuam ntawm Duke Alfonso II d'Este, ib tug nyiam suab paj nruag paub thoob plaws hauv ltalis (raws li contemporaries, lub Duke mloog suab paj nruag rau 4 teev ib hnub twg!). L. Ludzaski, uas yog thawj tus kws qhia ntawv ntawm Frescobaldi, ua haujlwm ntawm tib lub tsev hais plaub. Nrog kev tuag ntawm Duke, Frescobaldi tawm hauv nws lub nroog thiab tsiv mus rau Rome.

Nyob rau hauv Rome, nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ntau lub tsev teev ntuj raws li ib tug organist thiab nyob rau hauv lub tsev hais plaub ntawm lub zos nobility raws li ib tug harpsichordist. Kev xaiv tsa ntawm tus kws sau ntawv tau yooj yim los ntawm kev txhawb nqa ntawm Archbishop Guido Bentnvolio. Ua ke nrog nws hauv 1607-08. Frescobaldi tau mus rau Flanders, tom qab ntawd qhov chaw ntawm clavier suab paj nruag. Qhov kev mus ncig ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim tus cwj pwm muaj tswv yim ntawm tus kws sau nkauj.

Lub sijhawm hloov pauv hauv Frescobaldi lub neej yog 1608. Nws yog thaum ntawd thawj cov ntawv tshaj tawm ntawm nws tej hauj lwm tau tshwm sim: 3 instrumental canzones, Thawj Phau Ntawv Fantasy (Milan) thiab Thawj Phau Ntawv ntawm Madrigals (Antwerp). Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, Frescobaldi nyob rau hauv lub siab thiab tsis tshua muaj neeg hwm ntawm organist ntawm St. Peter's Cathedral nyob rau hauv Rome, nyob rau hauv uas (nrog luv luv so) tus composer tseem yuav luag txog rau thaum kawg ntawm nws hnub. Lub koob meej thiab txoj cai ntawm Frescobaldi maj mam loj hlob raws li ib tug organist thiab harpsichordist, ib tug zoo heev ua yeeb yam thiab ib tug inventive improviser. Nyob rau hauv parallel nrog nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv St. Peter lub Cathedral, nws nkag mus rau cov kev pab cuam ntawm ib tug ntawm cov richest Italian cardinals, Pietro Aldobrandini. Nyob rau hauv 1613, Frescobaldi sib yuav Oreola del Pino, uas nyob rau hauv 6 xyoo tom ntej no yug nws tsib tus menyuam.

Xyoo 1628-34. Frescobaldi ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug organist nyob rau hauv lub tsev hais plaub ntawm lub Duke ntawm Tuscany Ferdinando II Medici nyob rau hauv Florence, ces txuas ntxiv nws cov kev pab cuam nyob rau hauv St. Peter's Cathedral. Nws lub koob meej tau dhau los ua neeg thoob ntiaj teb tiag tiag. Rau 3 xyoos, nws kawm nrog ib tug loj German composer thiab organist I. Froberger, raws li zoo raws li ntau nto moo composers thiab ua yeeb yam.

Paradoxically, peb tsis paub dab tsi txog lub xyoo dhau los ntawm Frescobaldi lub neej, nrog rau nws cov suab paj nruag kawg.

Ib tug ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv ib txwm muaj, P. Della Balle, tau sau ntawv hauv 1640 tias muaj ntau "chivalry" hauv Frescobaldi's "modern style". Cov suab paj nruag lig tseem nyob hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ntawv sau. Frescobaldi tuag ntawm qhov siab ntawm nws lub koob meej. Raws li cov neeg ua pov thawj tau sau, "cov kws ntaus suab paj nruag nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm Rome" tau koom nrog pawg ntees tuag.

Qhov chaw tseem ceeb hauv tus kws sau cov cuab yeej cuab tam muaj tswv yim yog nyob los ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam rau harpsichord thiab cov khoom nruab nrog hauv txhua hom npe hu ua: canzones, fantasies, richercaras, toccatas, capriccios, partitas, fugues (hauv lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus, piv txwv li canons). Nyob rau hauv ib co, polyphonic sau dominates (piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub "kawm" hom ntawm richercara), nyob rau hauv lwm tus neeg (piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv canzone), polyphonic cov tswv yim yog intertwined nrog homophonic sawv daws yuav (" suab " thiab instrumental chordal accompaniment).

Ib qho ntawm cov khoom sau nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm Frescobaldi cov suab paj nruag yog "Musical Flowers" (tshaj tawm hauv Venice xyoo 1635). Nws suav nrog lub cev ua haujlwm ntawm ntau yam. Ntawm no Frescobaldi's inimitable composer's style manifested nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov kev ntsuas, uas yog yus muaj los ntawm cov style ntawm "zoo siab style" nrog harmonic innovations, ntau yam textural techniques, improvisational ywj pheej, thiab kos duab ntawm variation. Txawv txawv rau nws lub sij hawm yog qhov ua tau zoo txhais ntawm tempo thiab atherosclerosis. Nyob rau hauv lub preface rau ib tug ntawm cov phau ntawv ntawm nws toccata thiab lwm yam compositions rau harpsichord thiab lub cev, Frescobaldi hu ua si ... Raws li tus kws sau nkauj thiab ua yeeb yam ntawm lub cev thiab clavier, Frescobaldi tau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau kev loj hlob ntawm Italian thiab, ntau dua, Western European suab paj nruag. Nws lub koob meej yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees. D. Buxtehude, JS Bach thiab ntau lwm tus kws sau nkauj tau kawm txog cov haujlwm ntawm Frescobaldi.

S. Lebedev