Fugato |

ital. fugato, lus - fugue, fugue-zoo li, zoo li fugue

Ib daim ntawv imitation, nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm txoj kev uas lub ntsiab yog nthuav (feem ntau kuj txoj kev loj hlob) muaj feem xyuam rau lub fugue (1).

Tsis zoo li fugue, nws tsis muaj qhov qhia meej meej. rov hais dua; feem ntau yog siv los ua ib feem ntawm qhov loj dua. Kev nthuav qhia meej ntawm lub ncauj lus, imitation. nkag mus ntawm lub suab thiab maj mam densification ntawm polyphonic. textures yog creatures. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm P. (P. tuaj yeem raug hu ua cov kev coj ua uas muaj cov yam ntxwv no; hauv lawv qhov tsis muaj, lo lus "fugue nthuav qhia" yog siv), F. yog ib daim ntawv nruj dua li fugue: tus naj npawb ntawm cov pov npav ntawm no tuaj yeem hloov pauv. (1 -th ib feem ntawm Taneyev's symphony nyob rau hauv c-moll, tus xov tooj 12), lub ntsiab yuav tsis tau ua nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov suab (thaum pib ntawm lub Credo los ntawm Beethoven lub Solemn pawg) los yog nthuav tam sim ntawd nrog ib tug counterposition (21st Myaskovsky's symphony, tus naj npawb 1. ); quarto-quint ratios ntawm lub ntsiab lus thiab cov lus teb yog ntau, tab sis digressions tsis yog ib qho yooj yim (qhia rau 3rd act ntawm Wagner's opera The Nuremberg Mastersingers; 1 feem ntawm Shostakovich's 5th symphony, tooj 17-19). F. muaj ntau hom qauv. Hauv ntau qhov Op. qhov ruaj khov tshaj plaws ntawm fugue, qhov nthuav tawm, yog rov tsim dua, ntxiv rau, ib lub taub hau ntshiab. qhov pib ntawm F., uas qhia meej meej cais nws los ntawm cov suab paj nruag yav dhau los, sib piv nrog qhov kawg, uas tsis txawv ntawm c.-l. ib qho kev txuas ntxiv sib txawv, feem ntau tsis yog polyphonic (qhov kawg ntawm lub piano sonata No. 6, 2nd txav ntawm Beethoven's symphony No. 1; kuj pom ib qho piv txwv hauv kab 994).

Ntxiv rau qhov kev nthuav qhia, F. tuaj yeem muaj ib ntu zoo ib yam li qhov tsim ntawm fugue (qhov kawg ntawm Tchaikovsky's quartet No. 2, tus naj npawb 32), uas feem ntau yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv sonata txoj kev loj hlob (1 feem ntawm Frank's quartet hauv D. -dur). Qee lub sij hawm, F. raug txhais raws li kev tsim kho tsis ruaj khov (ob npaug F. thaum pib ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm 1st ntu ntawm Tchaikovsky's 6th symphony: d-moll – a-moll – e-moll – h-moll). Daim ntawv thov hauv F. complex contrapuntal. Cov tswv yim tsis raug cais tawm (F. nrog kev tawm tsam nyob rau hauv 1 feem ntawm Myaskovsky's 5th symphony, tus naj npawb 13; stretta hauv F. "Cia lawv paub tias lub hwj chim txhais li cas" los ntawm 2nd ua yeeb yam "May Night" los ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov Ob npaug F. nyob rau hauv lub thib ob txav ntawm Beethoven lub 2th symphony, triple F. nyob rau hauv lub overture rau lub opera Die Meistersingers ntawm Nuremberg los ntawm Wagner, bar 7, tsib F. (fugue) nyob rau hauv lub coda ntawm lub kawg ntawm Mozart lub symphony C-dur Jupiter), txawm li cas los xij yooj yim imitations. cov qauv yog cov qauv.

Yog hais tias lub fugue yog qhov txawv los ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm kev txhim kho thiab kos duab. kev ywj pheej ntawm cov duab, ces F. plays lub luag hauj lwm subordinate nyob rau hauv cov khoom, nyob rau hauv uas nws "loj hlob nyob rau hauv".

Feem ntau siv F. hauv sonata txoj kev loj hlob: dynamic. qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm imitation pab los npaj qhov kawg ntawm lub ncauj lus tshiab lossis ntu; F. tuaj yeem yog ob qho tib si hauv kev taw qhia (1 feem ntawm Tchaikovsky's 6th symphony), thiab hauv nruab nrab (1st feem ntawm Kalinnikov's 1st symphony) lossis ntu ntu ntawm kev txhim kho (1 ntu ntawm 4th concerto rau piano. nrog Beethoven Orchestra) ; Lub hauv paus ntawm lub ntsiab lus yog qhov tseeb motives ntawm qhov tseem ceeb (cov ntsiab lus suab paj nruag ntawm sab feem ntau ua tiav canonically).

AK Glazunov. 6th symphony. Ntu II.

Feem ntau, F. pom daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv ib feem ntawm lub suab paj nruag. prod.: nyob rau hauv kev nthuav qhia thiab kev loj hlob ntawm lub ntsiab lus (Allegro nyob rau hauv lub overture rau lub opera "Lub Magic Flute" los ntawm Mozart; lub ntsiab nyob rau hauv lub overture rau lub opera "Lub Bartered Bride" los ntawm Smetana), nyob rau hauv lub rov (the Qhov kawg ntawm Prokofiev's 5th symphony, tus naj npawb 93), rov ua dua (fp sonata h-moll los ntawm Liszt), solo cadence (violin concerto los ntawm Glazunov), hauv kev taw qhia (1 feem ntawm 5th hlua ntawm Glazunov quartet) thiab coda (1st feem. ntawm Berlioz lub symphony Romeo thiab Julia), nruab nrab ib feem ntawm ib tug complex peb-ntu daim ntawv (lub aria ntawm Gryaznoy los ntawm lub 1st act ntawm lub opera Tsar tus nkauj nyab los ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov), nyob rau hauv lub rondo (Tsis muaj 36 los ntawm Bach's St. Matthew. Kev mob siab); nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm F., ib qho operatic leitmotif tuaj yeem hais tau ("cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov pov thawj" hauv kev taw qhia rau opera "Aida" los ntawm Verdi), ib theem opera tuaj yeem tsim tau (Tsis muaj 20 s los ntawm 3rd act of " Tub Vaj Ntxwv Igor" los ntawm Borodin); Qee zaum F. yog ib qho ntawm cov kev hloov pauv (No. 22 los ntawm Bach's Goldberg Variations; chorus "Tus Poj Huab Tais Zoo Tshaj Plaws" los ntawm qhov thib 3 ntawm kev ua yeeb yam "Cov lus dab neeg ntawm lub nroog tsis pom ntawm Kitezh thiab Maiden Fevronia" los ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov , nr 171); F. as ywj siab. ib daim (JS Bach, BWV 962; AF Gedicke, op. 36 No 40) los yog ib feem ntawm lub voj voog (2nd txav ntawm Hindemith's symphoniette hauv E) tsis tshua muaj. Daim ntawv F. (los yog ze rau nws) tshwm sim hauv kev tsim khoom. nruj style nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm imitation cov tswv yim, npog tag nrho cov suab.

Josquin Despres. Missa sexti toni (super L'homme armé). Pib ntawm Kyrie.

F. tau dav siv hauv Op. composers 17 - 1st pem teb. 18th caug xyoo (piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv gigues los ntawm instr. suites, nyob rau hauv ceev seem ntawm overtures). F. flexibly siv JS Bach, ncav cuag, piv txwv li. mus rau choir compositions, extraordinary figurative convexity thiab ua yeeb yam. kev qhia (hauv No. 33 “Sind Blitze, sind Donner in Wolken verschwunden” thiab hauv No. 54 “LaЯ ihn kreuzigen” los ntawm Mathais Passion). Vim express. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm F. yog qhia meej meej nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog rau homophonic nthuav qhia, cov composers ntawm 2nd pem teb. 18 – lus. 19th centuries siv qhov "chiaroscuro" sib txawv nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev. F. instr. prod. Haydn – ib txoj kev ntawm polyphonizing homophonic thematics (reprise ntawm 1 feem ntawm cov hlua. Quartet op. 50 Tsis yog 2); Mozart pom nyob rau hauv F. ib txoj hauv kev coj sonata thiab fugue los ze zog ua ke (qhov kawg ntawm G-dur quartet, K.-V. 387); F. lub luag haujlwm nce ntau hauv Op. Beethoven, uas yog vim lub composer lub siab xav rau ib tug dav polyphonization ntawm daim ntawv (ob chav F. nyob rau hauv lub reprise ntawm lub thib ob ib feem ntawm lub 2rd symphony ho nce thiab concentrates lub tragic pib). F. nyob rau hauv Mozart thiab Beethoven yog ib tug indispensable tswv cuab nyob rau hauv lub polyphonic system. ntu uas tsim ib "loj polyphonic daim ntawv" nyob rau theem ntawm ib tug txav (fugueed lub ntsiab thiab sab seem nyob rau hauv lub exposition, sab ib feem nyob rau hauv lub reprise, imitation txoj kev loj hlob, stretta coda nyob rau hauv lub kawg ntawm lub G-dur quartet, K.-V . 3 Mozart) los yog voj voog (F. nyob rau hauv lub 387st , 1nd thiab 2th txav ntawm lub 4th symphony, F. nyob rau hauv lub 9st zog, sib xws mus rau lub kawg fugue, nyob rau hauv Beethoven lub piano sonata No 1). Masters ntawm lub xyoo pua 29th, muaj tswv yim tsim kev ua tiav ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Viennese classic. cov tsev kawm ntawv, txhais F. nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev tshiab - nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm software ("Sib ntaus sib tua" nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm "Romeo thiab Julia" los ntawm Berlioz), ib hom ntawv nyeem (kawg ntawm lub 19st ua yeeb yam ntawm lub Opera "Carmen" los ntawm Bizet), pictorial ( cua daj cua dub hauv qhov kawg ntawm 1th . ntawm lub opera Ivan Susanin los ntawm Glinka) thiab zoo heev pictorial (daim duab ntawm ib tug loj hlob hav zoov nyob rau hauv lub thib 4 ua yeeb yam ntawm lub opera Snow Maiden los ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov, tus xov tooj 3), sau F. tshiab figurative lub ntsiab lus, txhais nws raws li lub embodiment ntawm dab. pib (ib feem "Mephistopheles" los ntawm Liszt's Faust Symphony), raws li kev qhia txog kev xav (kev qhia txog kev ua yeeb yam Faust los ntawm Gounod; kev taw qhia rau 253rd act of the opera Die Meistersingers Nuremberg los ntawm Wagner), raws li qhov tseeb. daim duab ntawm lub neej ntawm cov neeg (kev taw qhia rau lub 3 scene ntawm lub prologue ntawm lub Opera "Boris Godunov" los ntawm Mussorgsky). F. pom ntau yam kev siv ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv ntawm lub xyoo pua 1th. (R. Strauss, P. Hindemith, SV Rakhmaninov, N. Ya. Myaskovsky, DD Shostakovich thiab lwm tus).

References: saib hauv qab Art. Fugue.

VP Frayonov