Cymbals: nws yog dab tsi, qauv, hom, keeb kwm, kev ua si

Cymbals yog ib qho ntawm cov suab paj nruag qub tshaj plaws thiab nrov tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb.

Dab tsi yog cymbals

Chav kawm yog ib txoj hlua percussion suab paj nruag. Hais txog chordophones.

Nws yog nrov tshaj plaws nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Europe. Cov Hungarian cymbals, uas nquag siv nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws kos duab ntawm cov Hungarians, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog.

Cov qauv yog lub cev nrog decks. Cov ntaub ntawv nrov yog ntoo, tab sis muaj lwm txoj kev xaiv.

Cov hlua yog ncab ntawm lub lawj. Cov hlua hlau tau muab faib ua pawg ntawm 3. Cov hlua ua suab nrov hauv unison. Cov hlua bass thaj tsam yog tooj liab plated. Nruab nyob rau hauv pawg ntawm 3, kuj tuned nyob rau hauv unison.

Nta ntawm lub suab extraction

Kev ua si Dulcimer yog ua raws li cov txheej txheem ntawm ib qho tshwj xeeb rauj. Nrog rau nws, cov hlua ntawm cov cuab yeej raug ntaus, uas ua rau lawv vibrate thiab suab. Yog tias cov hlua tsis muted tom qab raug ntaus, qhov kev vibrations kis mus rau cov hlua nyob sib ze, ua rau hum. Ntxiv nrog rau rauj, koj tuaj yeem siv cov ntoo ntoo.

Hom

Cymbals muab faib ua kev hais kwv txhiaj thiab pej xeem. Lawv txawv ntawm qhov loj thiab txoj kev kho.

Qhov qis ntawm cov pej xeem yog 75-115 cm. Qhov siab yog 51-94 cm. Cov nplooj yog 25-40 cm. Qhov dav yog 23.5-38 cm. Qhov siab yog 3-9 cm. Qhov ntau yam no suav hais tias yog compact thiab yooj yim txav. Cov txheej txheem ntawm fixation yog ib txoj hlua khi rau lub tshuab raj lub xub pwg lossis caj dab.

Qhov qis ntawm qhov kev hais kwv txhiaj - 1 meter. Qhov siab - 60 cm. Qhov siab - 53.5 cm. Qhov siab - 6.5 cm. Qhov siab - 49 cm. Fixation - ob txhais ceg nyob rau hauv qab ntawm rooj plaub. Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm kev ua yeeb yam qauv yog qhov muaj lub damper. Lub hom phiaj yog kom ceev ceev cov kev vibration ntawm cov hlua. Lub damper yog tsim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug pedal. Qhov nyuaj dua lub cymbalist nias lub pedal, ntau lub suab ntawm cov hlua yog muffled.

Keeb kwm ntawm cymbals

Thawj cov qauv ntawm cymbals tau pom ntawm cov neeg Mesopotamian. Thawj cov duab kos ntawm cov cuab yeej zoo sib xws hnub rov qab mus rau xyoo pua XNUMX BC. e. Kev koom tes - cov neeg ntawm Babylonians. Cov duab Assyrian tau tsim nyob rau xyoo pua XNUMX BC. e. Lub Sumerian version tau piav qhia hauv cov duab kos ntawm XNUMXth-XNUMXrd centuries BC.

Ancient variants yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm lub cev daim duab peb sab. Cov duab qub ua rau lub ntsuas ntsuas zoo li hloov kho harp.

Ib qho kev tsim zoo sib xws tau tshwm sim hauv tebchaws Greece thaum ub. Lub monochord tau tsim los ntawm tib lub hauv paus ntsiab lus raws li niaj hnub cymbals. Tus tsim yog ua raws li lub thawv resonator. Cov duab yog duab plaub. Qhov sib txawv loj yog qhov muaj tsuas yog ib txoj hlua. Lub monochord tau siv hauv kev tshawb fawb los kawm txog suab paj nruag.

Txoj kev ntawm cymbals mus rau Tebchaws Europe tsis paub. Cov keeb kwm hais tias Gypsies lossis Arabs tuaj yeem nqa cov cuab yeej nrog lawv. Hauv Tebchaws Europe, cymbals tau koob meej ntawm cov feudal lords. Phau ntawv xyoo pua XNUMX ntawm Nees Kos Duab tau piav qhia txog cov cuab yeej tshiab uas yog "muaj lub suab qab zib zoo heev." Tib phau ntawv hais tias chordophones tau siv rau hauv kev ua yeeb yam hauv tsev hais plaub thiab burgher suab paj nruag.

Thaum pib, cov neeg European siv cymbals nyob rau hauv solo compositions. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 1753, cov cuab yeej siv los ua kev sib txuas, thiab tom qab ntawd nkag mus rau hauv pawg. Thawj qhov kev siv hauv Opera yog XNUMX, Spain.

Nyob rau xyoo 1700, cov neeg German tau tsim lawv tus kheej version hu ua hackbrett. Nyob ib ncig ntawm tib lub sijhawm, Pantaleon Gebenshtreit tau hloov kho cov cymbals. Hauv nws version, muaj cov yuam sij. Tus qauv yog lub npe hu ua pataleon nyob rau hauv kev hwm ntawm lub npe ntawm tus creator. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, Goebenshtreit lub invention yuav tig mus rau ib tug niaj hnub piano.

Nyob rau hauv Russia, lub ntsuas yog paub nyob rau hauv lub XV-XVI centuries. Cov ntawv sau keeb kwm muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog nws siv hauv tsev hais plaub huab tais. Nto moo Lavxias teb sab dulcimer players ntawm xyoo ntawd: Milenty Stepanov, Andrey Petrov, Tomilo Besov. Lub German version tau muaj koob meej nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XNUMX ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb.

Cov niaj hnub version ntawm lub cymbals tau tshwm sim thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX. Inventor - Jozsef thiab Wenzel Shunda. Nyob rau xyoo pua XNUMX, kev hloov kho me me rau tus qauv tsim tau ua tiav. Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev hloov pauv yog txhawm rau txhim kho kev ntseeg siab, durability thiab suab ntim.

Reconstruction ntawm qhov ntsuas

Thawj reconstructions ntawm classical cymbals tau ua nyob rau hauv lub 20s ntawm lub xyoo pua XX. Cov kws sau ntawv ntawm kev tsim kho dua tshiab yog D. Zakharov, K. Sushkevich.

Lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev tsim kho dua tshiab yog los kho cov duab qub thiab cov qauv. Lub suab tsim yuav tsum nrov, nplua nuj thiab meej muab faib ua octave. Hom hammers tau raug kho dua. Lawv qhov ntev tau raug txo. Yog li, tus kws ntaus nkauj tuaj yeem ua rau nws tus kheej muffle cov hlua ringing.

Lub version reconstructed los ntawm Zakharov thiab Sushkevich pib siv nyob rau hauv concerts mus txog rau thaum lub 60s. Tom qab ntawd cov kev hloov tsim tom ntej tau ua tiav. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev hloov pauv yog txhawm rau nthuav dav cov suab nrov. Lub hom phiaj tau ua tiav los ntawm kev txhim kho ob qhov chaw tshiab. Cov kws sau ntawv ntawm kev hloov pauv yog V. Kraiko thiab I. Zhinovich.

Vim kev tsim kho, qhov hnyav ntawm chordophone tau nce ntau. Txhawm rau tshem tawm lub nra ntawm lub hauv caug ntawm tus neeg ua yeeb yam, 4 ceg pib txuas mus rau sab qis ntawm lub cev. Yog li, cov cuab yeej ua tau los nruab rau ntawm lub rooj.

Cov txheej txheem ua si

Thaum ua suab nrov, tus kws ntaus suab paj nruag siv tau tag nrho caj npab lossis ib txhais tes. Cov txheej txheem tremolo tuaj yeem siv tau. Tremolo yog qhov rov ua dua sai ntawm ib lub suab.

Cov neeg ua yeeb yam niaj hnub siv cov txuj ci ua si txuas ntxiv. Kev ntaus nrig yog nqa tawm tsis tsuas yog raws cov hlua, tab sis kuj nyob ntawm ntug ntawm lub cev. Lub resulting suab zoo ib yam li lub suab ntawm ib tug castanet. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua si flageolet, glissando, vibrato thiab mute kuj siv.

Cymbals thoob ntiaj teb

Ib qho cuab yeej zoo sib xws hauv cov qauv thiab cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev siv yog lub suab paj nruag hneev. Tshaj tawm hauv Africa thiab South America. Outwardly, nws zoo li ib rab hneev tua nrog ib txoj hlua ruaj ntawm ob lub ncov. Tej zaum kuj zoo li ib tug nkhaus. Cov khoom siv - ntoo. Ntev - 0.5-3 m. Lub tais hlau, taub dag los yog lub tshuab raj lub qhov ncauj yog siv los ua lub suab nrov. Txhua txoj hlua yog lub luag haujlwm rau ib daim ntawv. Yog li, chords tuaj yeem ua si ntawm lub suab paj nruag hneev. Ib qho kev hloov ntawm lub suab paj nruag hneev hu ua "ku" muaj nyob hauv New Zealand.

Indian version yog hu ua santoor. Munja nyom yog siv los ua santoor hlua. Cov sticks yog tsim los ntawm xyoob. Siv nyob rau hauv pej xeem suab paj nruag.

Nyob rau hauv Ukraine nyob rau hauv 1922, Leonid Gaydamak ua concerts siv cymbals. Qhov tseeb nthuav: 2 cov cuab yeej txo qis tau koom nrog hauv kev ua yeeb yam. Cov kev xaiv me me tau tsim kom yooj yim rau kev thauj mus los.

Txij li xyoo 1952, cov lus qhia dulcimer tau qhia hauv Moldova ntawm Chisinau Conservatory.

Cov neeg ntaus suab nrov nrov

Aladar Rac yog tus kws ntaus suab paj nruag Hungarian. Ib tug zoo tshaj plaws dulcimer players nyob rau hauv keeb kwm. Ntawm nws cov khoom plig yog Kossuth nqi zog xyoo 1948, lub npe ntawm Honoured thiab Outstanding Artist ntawm Hungary.

Tus kws ntaus nkauj yog los ntawm tsev neeg gypsy. Raws li kev lig kev cai, thaum muaj hnub nyoog peb xyoos nws raug muab los kawm ua si ib yam twj paj nruag. Cov nas txiav txim siab los kawm ua si lub cymbals.

Nrog nws cov kev ua tiav, Aladar Rat nrov nrov cymbals nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX. Cov cuab yeej tau pib ua tiag tiag thiab siv hauv concerts.

Lub xyoo pua XNUMX Austro-Hungarian tus kws sau nkauj Erkel Ferenc tau qhia txog cov cuab yeej rau kev ua yeeb yam orchestra. Ntawm cov haujlwm ntawm Ferenc yog "Ban Bank", "Bathory Maria", "Charolta".

Lub USSR muaj nws tus kheej virtuoso cymbalist - Iosif Zhinovich. Ntawm nws cov khoom plig yog All-Union Kev Sib Tw ntawm Kev Ua Yeeb Yam, lub npe ntawm Cov Neeg Ua Yeeb Yam ntawm USSR, Honored Artist ntawm BSSR, ob peb Orders of the Badge of Honor thiab Order of the Red Banner of Labor.

Nto moo compositions rau cymbals ntawm Zhinovich: "Belarusian Suite", "Belarusian lingering thiab round seev cev", "Belarusian nkauj thiab seev cev". Zhinovich kuj tau sau ntau yam kev qhia txog kev ua si lub suab paj nruag. Piv txwv li, nyob rau xyoo 1940, phau ntawv "Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv rau Belarusian cymbals" tau luam tawm.