Cello Keeb Kwm

Cello Nws yog ib qho khoom siv suab paj nruag, ib pawg ntawm cov hlua, piv txwv li ua si, ib yam khoom tshwj xeeb uas ua raws cov hlua yuav tsum tau - hneev. Feem ntau, lub wand yog crafted los ntawm ntoo thiab horsehair. Kuj tseem muaj txoj hauv kev ua si nrog cov ntiv tes, uas cov hlua yog "plucked". Nws hu ua pizzicato. Lub cello yog ib qho cuab yeej nrog plaub txoj hlua ntawm ntau yam tuab. Txhua txoj hlua muaj nws tus kheej sau ntawv. Thaum xub thawj, cov hlua tau tsim los ntawm yaj offal, thiab tom qab ntawd, tau kawg, lawv tau los ua hlau.

Thawj qhov kev siv rau cello tuaj yeem pom hauv lub fresco los ntawm Gaudenzio Ferrari los ntawm 1535-1536. Lub npe "cello" tau hais nyob rau hauv sau ntawm sonnets los ntawm J.Ch. Arresti nyob rau hauv 1665.

Yog hais tias peb tig mus rau lus Askiv, ces lub npe ntawm lub suab zoo li no - cello los yog violoncelo. Los ntawm qhov no nws yog tseeb hais tias cello yog ib tug derivative ntawm Italian lo lus "violoncello", uas txhais tau hais tias ib tug me me ob chav bass.

Kauj ruam los ntawm kauj ruam cello keeb kwm

Tracing keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim cov cuab yeej bowed hlua, cov kauj ruam hauv qab no hauv nws qhov kev tsim yog qhov txawv:

1) Thawj cellos tau hais nyob ib ncig ntawm 1560, hauv Ltalis. Lawv tus tsim yog Andrea Mati. Tom qab ntawd cov twj paj nruag tau siv los ua lub suab bass thaj tsam, cov nkauj tau ua nyob rau hauv nws lossis lwm yam cuab yeej suab.

2) Ntxiv mus, Paolo Magini thiab Gasparo da Salo (XVI-XVII centuries) ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Qhov thib ob ntawm lawv tau tswj kom coj cov cuab yeej los ze zog rau qhov uas muaj nyob hauv peb lub sijhawm.

3) Tab sis tag nrho cov kev tsis txaus ntseeg tau raug tshem tawm los ntawm tus tswv zoo ntawm cov twj paj nruag, Antonio Stradivari. Xyoo 1711, nws tau tsim Duport cello, uas tam sim no suav tias yog lub suab paj nruag kim tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb.

4) Giovanni Gabrieli (lig xyoo pua 17th) thawj zaug tsim solo sonatas thiab ricercars rau cello. Nyob rau hauv Baroque era, Antonio Vivaldi thiab Luigi Boccherini sau suites rau lub suab paj nruag.

5) Nyob rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th tau los ua lub ncov ntawm qhov chaw rau lub bowed string instrument, tshwm raws li ib tug kev hais kwv txhiaj instrument. Lub cello koom nrog symphonic thiab chamber ensembles. Sib cais concertos tau sau rau nws los ntawm cov khawv koob ntawm lawv cov khoom siv tes ua - Jonas Brahms thiab Antonin Dvorak.

6) Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua tsis hais Beethoven, uas kuj tsim tej hauj lwm rau lub cello. Thaum nws ncig xyuas xyoo 1796, tus kws sau nkauj zoo nkauj ua si ua ntej Friedrich Wilhelm II, King of Prussia thiab cellist. Ludwig van Beethoven tsim ob sonatas rau cello thiab piano, Op. 5, nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm tus huab tais no. Beethoven's cello solo suites, uas tau tiv thaiv qhov kev sim ntawm lub sijhawm, tau txawv los ntawm lawv qhov tshiab. Thawj zaug, tus kws ntaus suab paj nruag zoo tso lub cello thiab piano ntawm qhov sib npaug.

7) Qhov kawg kov hauv kev nrov ntawm cello yog tsim los ntawm Pablo Casals nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th, uas tsim ib lub tsev kawm ntawv tshwj xeeb. Tus cellist no nyiam nws cov cuab yeej. Yog li, raws li ib zaj dab neeg, nws tau ntxig ib lub sapphire rau hauv ib lub hneev, khoom plig los ntawm poj huab tais ntawm Spain. Sergei Prokofiev thiab Dmitri Shostakovich nyiam lub cello hauv lawv txoj haujlwm.

Peb tuaj yeem muaj kev nyab xeeb hais tias qhov nrov ntawm cello tau yeej vim qhov dav ntawm qhov ntau. Nws yog tsim nyog hais tias txiv neej lub suab ntawm bass mus rau tenor coincide nyob rau hauv ntau yam nrog ib tug suab paj nruas ntsuas. Nws yog lub suab ntawm txoj hlua-hneev zoo kawg nkaus uas zoo ib yam li "tsawg" tib neeg lub suab, thiab lub suab ntes tau los ntawm cov ntawv thawj zaug nrog nws cov juiciness thiab expressiveness.

Cello hnub no

Nws yog qhov ncaj ncees heev uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias tam sim no txhua tus kws sau nkauj txaus siab rau cello - nws qhov sov so, lub siab dawb paug thiab qhov tob ntawm lub suab, thiab nws cov kev ua tau zoo tau ntev ntev tau lub siab ntawm ob tus neeg ntaus suab paj nruag lawv tus kheej thiab lawv cov neeg nyiam mloog. Tom qab lub violin thiab piano, lub cello yog cov cuab yeej nyiam tshaj plaws uas cov neeg sau tau tig lawv lub qhov muag, muab lawv cov haujlwm rau nws, npaj rau kev ua yeeb yam hauv concerts nrog orchestra lossis piano nrog. Tchaikovsky tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nplua nuj siv cello nyob rau hauv nws tej hauj lwm, Variations ntawm lub Rococo ntsiab, qhov uas nws nthuav lub cello nrog xws li txoj cai uas nws ua no me me ua hauj lwm ntawm nws tsim nyog adornment ntawm tag nrho cov kev hais kwv txhiaj cov kev pab cuam, xav tau tiag tiag perfection nyob rau hauv lub peev xwm los ua tus tswv cuab los ntawm kev ua yeeb yam.

Saint-Saëns concerto, thiab, hmoov tsis, Beethoven tsis tshua tau ua triple concerto rau piano, violin thiab cello, txaus siab rau qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws nrog cov neeg mloog. Ntawm cov nyiam, tab sis kuj tsis tshua muaj ua, yog Cello Concertos ntawm Schumann thiab Dvořák. Tam sim no kom tiav. Txhawm rau kom tshem tawm tag nrho cov khoom siv bowed tam sim no tau txais nyob rau hauv symphony orchestra, nws tseem yuav "hais" tsuas yog ob peb lo lus hais txog ob lub bass thaj tsam.

Tus thawj "bass" lossis "contrabass viola" muaj rau txoj hlua thiab, raws li Michel Corratt, tus sau ntawm "Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv rau Ob Tug Bass", luam tawm los ntawm nws nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, hu ua "violone. "los ntawm Italians. Tom qab ntawd ob lub bass thaj tsam tseem yog qhov tsis tshua muaj uas txawm tias xyoo 1750 Paris Opera tsuas muaj ib qho cuab yeej xwb. Dab tsi yog qhov niaj hnub orchestral ob bass muaj peev xwm? Nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus kev, nws yog lub sij hawm kom paub txog ob bass raws li ib tug zoo meej ntsuas. Muab ob npaug rau basses tau tso siab rau tag nrho virtuoso qhov chaw, ua los ntawm lawv nrog txoj kev kos duab thiab kev txawj ntse.

Beethoven nyob rau hauv nws pastoral symphony, nrog lub bubbling suab ntawm ob lub bass thaj tsam, zoo heev ua raws li lub howling ntawm cua, lub yob ntawm thunder, thiab feem ntau tsim ib tug tag nrho cov kev xav ntawm lub raging ntsiab thaum lub sij hawm thunderstorm. Hauv chamber suab paj nruag, lub luag haujlwm ntawm ob lub bass thaj tsam feem ntau txwv rau kev txhawb nqa kab bass. Cov no yog cov ntsiab lus dav dav, kev ua yeeb yam thiab kev ua yeeb yam ntawm cov tswv cuab ntawm "txoj hlua pab pawg". Tab sis nyob rau hauv ib tug niaj hnub symphony orchestra, lub "noob quintet" yog feem ntau siv raws li "ib tug orchestra nyob rau hauv lub orchestra."