Cov ntaub ntawv tshaj plaws ntawm kev ua suab paj nruag

Tej zaum koj twb tau tuaj hla cov ntsiab lus philosophical xws li daim ntawv thiab cov ntsiab lus. Cov lus no yog universal txaus los qhia qhov zoo sib xws ntawm ntau yam phenomena. Thiab suab paj nruag tsis muaj qhov zam. Hauv tsab xov xwm no koj yuav pom cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nrov tshaj plaws ntawm kev ua suab paj nruag.

Ua ntej tis npe rau ntau hom kev ua suab paj nruag, cia peb txhais cov ntawv hauv suab paj nruag yog dab tsi? Daim ntawv yog ib yam dab tsi hais txog kev tsim ntawm ib qho kev ua haujlwm, rau cov qauv ntawm nws cov qauv, mus rau qhov sib lawv liag ntawm cov khoom siv suab paj nruag hauv nws.

Musicians nkag siab daim ntawv nyob rau hauv ob txoj kev. Ntawm qhov tod tes, daim ntawv qhia txog kev npaj ntawm txhua qhov chaw ntawm lub suab paj nruag hauv kev txiav txim. Ntawm qhov tod tes, daim ntawv tsis yog tsuas yog daim duab xwb, tab sis kuj tsim thiab kev loj hlob hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov lus qhia uas txhais tau tias cov duab kos duab ntawm ib qho kev ua haujlwm tau tsim. Cov lus qhia zoo li cas yog cov no? Melody, sib haum xeeb, sib dhos, timbre, sau npe thiab lwm yam. Kev nkag siab ntawm ob qho kev nkag siab ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov suab paj nruag yog qhov tsim nyog ntawm Lavxias tus kws tshawb fawb, kws tshaj lij thiab kws sau ntawv Boris Asafiev.

Cov ntawv ua suab paj nruag

Cov qauv me tshaj plaws ntawm yuav luag txhua qhov haujlwm ua suab paj nruag yog. Tam sim no cia peb sim npe cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua suab paj nruag thiab muab cov yam ntxwv luv luv rau lawv.

lub sij hawm - qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov qauv yooj yim uas sawv cev rau kev nthuav qhia ntawm kev xav ua tiav suab paj nruag. Nws tshwm sim ntau zaus hauv ob qho tib si instrumental thiab suab paj nruag.

Tus qauv ncua sij hawm rau ib lub sij hawm yog ob kab lus suab paj nruag uas nyob 8 lossis 16 bars (square period), hauv kev xyaum muaj lub sijhawm ntev dua thiab luv dua. Lub sij hawm muaj ob peb ntau yam, ntawm cov uas hu ua sawv daws yuav nyob ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb.

Yooj yim ob- thiab peb-ntu daim ntawv - cov no yog cov ntaub ntawv uas thawj feem, raws li txoj cai, yog sau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib lub sij hawm, thiab tus so tsis outgrow nws (uas yog, rau lawv tus qauv kuj yog ib lub sij hawm los yog ib kab lus).

Qhov nruab nrab (nruab nrab) ntawm daim ntawv peb feem tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov chaw sab nrauv (qhia cov duab sib txawv yog ib qho kev kos duab loj heev), lossis nws tuaj yeem txhim kho, txhim kho qhov tau hais hauv thawj ntu. Hauv qhov thib peb ntawm daim ntawv peb feem, nws muaj peev xwm rov hais dua cov khoom siv suab paj nruag ntawm thawj ntu - daim ntawv no hu ua reprise (reprise yog repetition).

Verse thiab chorus forms - Cov no yog cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj feem cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau cov suab paj nruag thiab lawv cov qauv feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov ntawv sau paj huam uas qhia txog zaj nkauj.

Daim ntawv nqe yog raws li kev rov ua dua ntawm tib lub suab paj nruag (piv txwv li, lub sijhawm), tab sis nrog cov lus tshiab txhua zaus. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv lead-chorus muaj ob lub ntsiab lus: thawj yog cov hlau lead (ob qho tib si suab paj nruag thiab cov ntawv nyeem tuaj yeem hloov tau), qhov thib ob yog hu nkauj (raws li txoj cai, ob qho tib si suab paj nruag thiab cov ntawv nyeem tau khaws cia hauv nws).

Complex ob-ntu thiab complex peb-ntu daim ntawv - cov no yog cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj ob lossis peb daim ntawv yooj yim (piv txwv li, ib qho yooj yim 3-ib ntu + lub sijhawm + ib qho yooj yim 3-ib ntu). Cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj ob feem ntau muaj ntau dua hauv cov suab paj nruag (piv txwv li, qee qhov opera arias tau sau rau hauv cov ntawv no), thaum cov ntaub ntawv peb feem, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, muaj ntau dua rau cov suab paj nruag (qhov no yog daim ntawv nyiam rau minuet thiab lwm yam seev cev).

Ib tug complex peb feem, zoo li ib tug yooj yim ib, muaj peev xwm muaj ib tug reprise, thiab nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ib feem - cov khoom tshiab (feem ntau yog qhov no tshwm sim), thiab qhov nruab nrab ntawm daim ntawv no yog ob hom: (yog hais tias nws sawv cev. qee yam ntawm ib daim ntawv yooj yim) los yog (yog tias nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ib feem muaj kev tsim dawb uas tsis ua raws li lub caij nyoog lossis ib qho ntawm cov ntawv yooj yim).

Variation form - Qhov no yog ib daim ntawv tsim los ntawm kev rov ua dua ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb nrog nws qhov kev hloov pauv, thiab yuav tsum muaj tsawg kawg yog ob qhov kev rov ua dua tshiab txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau ua tiav daim ntawv ua haujlwm suab paj nruag tau muab faib ua ntau yam. Daim ntawv variation muaj nyob rau hauv ntau yam instrumental tej hauj lwm los ntawm classical music composers, thiab tsis muaj tsawg feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub compositions ntawm niaj hnub sau ntawv.

Muaj ntau qhov sib txawv. Piv txwv li, muaj xws li hom kev hloov pauv raws li kev hloov pauv ntawm ostinato (uas yog, hloov tsis tau, tuav) lub ntsiab lus hauv suab paj nruag lossis ntses bass thaj tsam (lub npe hu ua). Muaj cov kev hloov pauv uas, nrog rau txhua qhov kev siv tshiab, lub ntsiab lus yog xim nrog ntau yam kev dai kom zoo nkauj thiab ua kom tawg mus, qhia nws qhov zais.

Muaj lwm hom kev hloov pauv - uas txhua qhov kev siv tshiab ntawm lub ntsiab lus yuav tshwm sim hauv ib hom ntawv tshiab. Qee lub sij hawm cov kev hloov pauv mus rau hom tshiab hloov pauv lub ntsiab lus zoo heev - tsuas yog xav txog, lub ntsiab lus tuaj yeem ua suab nrov hauv tib txoj haujlwm xws li lub ntees tuag, lub suab nkauj nocturne, thiab zaj nkauj zoo siab. Los ntawm txoj kev, koj tuaj yeem nyeem ib yam dab tsi txog ib hom ntawv hauv kab lus "Lub Hom Phiaj Tseem Ceeb."

Ua ib qho piv txwv suab paj nruag ntawm kev hloov pauv, peb caw koj kom paub txog kev ua haujlwm nto moo heev los ntawm Beethoven zoo.

L. van Beethoven, 32 variations in C minor

Rondo - Lwm daim ntawv dav dav ntawm kev ua suab paj nruag. Tej zaum koj yuav paub tias lo lus txhais ua lus Lavxias los ntawm Fabkis yog . Qhov no tsis yog coincidence. Ib zaug dhau los, rondo yog ib pab pawg ua las voos, uas muaj kev lom zem hloov pauv nrog kev seev cev ntawm tus neeg soloists - thaum lub sijhawm ntawd lawv tau mus rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub voj voog thiab qhia lawv cov txuj ci.

Yog li, nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov suab paj nruag, ib tug rondo muaj cov seem uas yog tas li rov hais dua (cov dav dav - lawv raug hu) thiab ib tug neeg lub sijhawm uas suab ntawm refrains. Rau daim ntawv rondo coj qhov chaw, qhov kev txwv yuav tsum tau rov ua dua tsawg kawg peb zaug.

Sonata daim ntawv, yog li peb tau txais rau koj! Daim ntawv sonata, los yog, raws li nws yog qee zaum hu ua, sonata allegro daim ntawv, yog ib qho zoo tshaj plaws thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov suab paj nruag.

Daim ntawv sonata yog raws li ob lub ntsiab lus - ib qho ntawm lawv yog hu ua (ib lub suab thawj), qhov thib ob -. Cov npe no txhais tau hais tias ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus yog nyob rau hauv qhov tseem ceeb, thiab qhov thib ob hauv qhov tseem ceeb thib ob (tseem ceeb, piv txwv li, lossis sib npaug). Ua ke, cov ntsiab lus no dhau los ntawm ntau qhov kev sim hauv kev txhim kho, thiab tom qab ntawd hauv kev rov ua dua, feem ntau ob qho tib si tau suab hauv tib tus yuam sij.

Daim ntawv sonata muaj peb ntu tseem ceeb:

• nthuav qhia (kev nthuav qhia thawj, thib ob thiab lwm yam ntsiab lus rau pej xeem);
• kev loj hlob (theem ntawm qhov kev loj hlob hnyav tshwm sim);
• reprise (ntawm no cov ntsiab lus nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv lub exhibition yog rov qab, thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm lawv convergence tshwm sim).

Composers hlub lub sonata daim ntawv heev uas nyob rau hauv nws lub hauv paus lawv tsim ib tug tag nrho series ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas txawv los ntawm lub ntsiab qauv nyob rau hauv ntau yam tsis. Piv txwv li, peb tuaj yeem sau npe ntau yam ntawm sonata daim ntawv xws li (sib xyaw sonata daim ntawv nrog rondo), (nco ntsoov qhov lawv tau hais txog ib ntus hauv daim ntawv peb feem? (nrog rau ob qhov raug - rau tus soloist thiab nyob rau hauv lub orchestra, nrog ib tug virtuoso cadenza ntawm tus soloist nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ua ntej pib ntawm lub reprise), (me me sonata), (loj canvas).

Fugue - qhov no yog daim ntawv uas yog ib zaug poj huab tais ntawm txhua daim ntawv. Nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm, fugue tau suav hais tias yog lub suab paj nruag zoo tshaj plaws, thiab cov kws ntaus nkauj tseem muaj tus cwj pwm tshwj xeeb rau fugues.

Lub fugue yog tsim los ntawm ib lub ntsiab lus, uas yog tom qab ntawd rov ua dua ntau zaus hauv daim ntawv tsis hloov pauv hauv cov suab sib txawv (nrog cov twj paj nruag sib txawv). Lub fugue pib, raws li txoj cai, hauv ib lub suab thiab tam sim ntawd nrog lub ntsiab lus. Lwm lub suab tam sim ntawd teb rau lub ntsiab lus no, thiab lub suab dab tsi thaum lub sij hawm teb no los ntawm thawj lub twj paj nruag hu ua counter-addition.

Thaum lub ntsiab lus nthuav tawm los ntawm cov suab sib txawv, cov lus nthuav tawm ntawm fugue txuas ntxiv mus, tab sis sai li sai tau raws li lub ntsiab lus tau dhau los ntawm txhua lub suab, kev loj hlob pib uas lub ntsiab lus yuav tsis ua tiav, compressed, los yog, conversely, nthuav. Yog lawm, ntau yam tshwm sim hauv kev txhim kho… Thaum kawg ntawm fugue, lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tau rov qab los - ntu no hu ua qhov rov tshwm sim ntawm fugue.

Peb tuaj yeem nres tam sim no. Peb tau sau npe yuav luag tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua suab paj nruag. Nws yuav tsum tau nco ntsoov tias ntau cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj yuav muaj ntau yam yooj yim dua - kawm kom paub lawv. Thiab feem ntau ob qho tib si yooj yim thiab complex cov ntaub ntawv raug muab tso rau hauv ntau lub voj voog - Piv txwv li, lawv tsim ua ke.