Luigi Dallapiccola |
Luigi Dallapiccola: koj puas xav tau ntau tus thwjtim?
L. Dallapiccola yog ib tug ntawm cov founders ntawm niaj hnub Italian opera. Los ntawm cov classics ntawm lub bel canto era, V. Bellini, G. Verdi, G. Pucci, nws tau txais lub siab lub ntsws ntawm melodic intonation thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm siv complex niaj hnub nthuav qhia. Dallapiccola yog thawj Italian composer siv txoj kev dodecaphony. Tus sau ntawm peb operas, Dallapiccola tau sau ntau yam: suab paj nruag rau pawg hu nkauj, suab paj nruag, suab paj nruag thiab suab paj nruag, lossis piano.
Dallapikkola yug hauv Istria ( thaj av no tom qab ntawd koom nrog Austria-Hungary, tam sim no ib nrab Yugoslavia). Thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib 1924, thaum tsoomfwv Austrian kaw tsev kawm ntawv ntawm nws txiv (tus kws qhia lus Greek), tsev neeg tsiv mus rau Graz. Nyob ntawd Dallapiccola tau mus xyuas lub tsev ua yeeb yam thawj zaug, qhov ua yeeb yam ntawm R. Wagner ua rau nws zoo siab tshaj plaws. Tus niam ib zaug pom tias thaum tus tub mloog Wagner, qhov kev xav ntawm kev tshaib kev nqhis tau poob rau hauv nws. Tom qab mloog lub opera Tus Flying Dutchman, kaum peb-xyoo-laus Luigi txiav txim siab los ua ib tug composer. Thaum kawg ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog (thaum Istria raug xa mus rau Ltalis), tsev neeg rov qab mus rau lawv lub tebchaws. Dallapiccola kawm tiav los ntawm Florence Conservatory hauv piano (1931) thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg (20). Nrhiav koj cov style, koj txoj hauv kev suab paj nruag tsis tau tam sim ntawd. Ntau xyoo nyob rau thaum ntxov 20's. Dallapiccola, uas nrhiav tau lub qab ntug tshiab rau nws tus kheej (C. Debussy's impressionism thiab ancient Italian suab paj nruag), yog tibneeg hu tauj coob to taub lawv thiab tsis tau sau txhua. Nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm tsim nyob rau hauv lub lig 1942s. (raws li qhov kev thov ntawm tus sau, lawv tsis tau ua), ib hom ntawm neoclassicism thiab txawm lub hwj chim ntawm lub composer ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX yog xav. C. Monteverdi (tom qab ntawd, hauv XNUMX, Dallapiccola tau ua ib qho kev npaj ntawm Monteverdi's Opera The Return of Ulysses).
Hauv nruab nrab ntawm 30s. (tej zaum tsis yog tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub rooj sib tham nrog A. Berg, tus kws sau ntawv tshaj lij tshaj plaws) Dallapikkola tig mus rau cov txheej txheem dodecaphone. Siv txoj kev sau ntawv no, tus kws sau ntawv Italian tsis tso tseg qhov kev paub zoo li no raws li suab paj nruag thiab tonality. Kev suav nruj yog ua ke nrog kev tshoov siab. Dallapiaccola nco qab txog yuav ua li cas muaj ib hnub, taug kev raws txoj kev ntawm Florence, nws sketched nws thawj dodecaphone suab paj nruag, uas tau los ua lub hauv paus ntawm "Choruses los ntawm Michelangelo". Ua raws li Berg thiab A. Schoenberg, Dallapikkola siv dodecaphony los nthuav qhia kev ntxhov siab thiab txawm tias yog hom kev tawm tsam. Tom qab ntawd, tus kws sau nkauj yuav hais tias: "Kuv txoj hauv kev ua ib tus kws ntaus nkauj, pib txij xyoo 1935-36, thaum kawg kuv tau paub txog qhov kev tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm fascism, uas nrhiav kev strangle Spanish kiv puag ncig, mus ncaj qha rau nws. Kuv qhov kev sim dodecaphonic kuj tseem nyob rau lub sijhawm no. Tom qab tag nrho, thaum lub sij hawm ntawd, suab paj nruag "official" thiab nws cov ideologists hu nkauj tsis tseeb optimism. Kuv pab tsis tau hais tawm ces tawm tsam qhov kev dag no.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev ua haujlwm pedagogical ntawm Dallapikkola pib. Rau ntau tshaj 30 xyoo (1934-67) nws tau qhia piano thiab sau cov chav kawm ntawm Florence Conservatory. Ua yeeb yam concerts (xws li nyob rau hauv ib tug duet nrog lub violinist S. Materaassi), Dallapiccola txhawb cov suab paj nruag niaj hnub - nws yog thawj zaug qhia cov neeg Italian rau kev ua hauj lwm ntawm O. Messiaen, tus loj tshaj niaj hnub Fabkis composer.
Lub koob meej tuaj rau Dallapikkola nrog kev tsim tawm ntawm nws thawj qhov kev ua yeeb yam "Hmo ntuj Flight" hauv xyoo 1940, sau los ntawm cov ntawv tshiab los ntawm A. Saint-Exupery. Ntau tshaj ib zaug tus neeg sau tau tig mus rau lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev tawm tsam kev ua phem rau tib neeg. Lub cantata "Songs of the Prisoners" (1941) siv cov ntawv ntawm Mary Stuart qhov kev thov Vajtswv ua ntej kev tua, cov lus qhuab qhia kawg ntawm J. Savonarola thiab cov khoom tawg ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb thaum ub Boethius, uas raug txim tuag. Qhov kev ntshaw rau kev ywj pheej kuj tseem muaj nyob rau hauv qhov kev ua yeeb yam The Prisoner (1948), qhov twg cov phiaj xwm ntawm zaj dab neeg luv luv los ntawm V. Lil-Adan thiab cov ntawv tshiab The Legend of Ulenspiegel los ntawm C. de Coster tau siv.
Lub cev qhuav dej ntawm fascism tau tso cai rau Dallapiccola kom muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau dua rau lub neej suab paj nruag: nyob rau xyoo tom qab kev ua tsov ua rog, nws tau ua haujlwm ua suab paj nruag rau cov ntawv xov xwm Il Mondo thiab tus tuav ntaub ntawv ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Italian Contemporary Music. Lub npe ntawm tus composer tau dhau los ua pov thawj thiab txawv teb chaws. Nws raug caw tuaj qhia hauv Tebchaws Meskas: mus rau Berkshire Music Center (Tanglewood, Massachusetts, 1951-52), mus rau Queens College (New York, 1956-57), thiab tseem mus rau Austria - rau cov kev kawm caij ntuj sov ntawm Mozarteum (Salzburg). ).
Txij li xyoo 50s. Dallapiccola ua rau nws nyuaj rau nws cov style, uas kuj tau tshwm sim hauv kev ua haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub xyoo no - opera Ulysses (Odysseus), staged hauv 1968 hauv Berlin. Rov qab txog nws thaum yau, tus kws sau ntawv sau tias txhua tus cim hauv Homer zaj paj huam (ua tsaug rau nws txiv txoj haujlwm) "zoo li nyob thiab cov txheeb ze ze rau peb tsev neeg. Peb paub lawv thiab hais txog lawv ua phooj ywg. " Dallapikkola txawm tias ua ntej (hauv 40s) tau sau ntau yam haujlwm rau lub suab thiab suab paj nruag rau cov lus ntawm Greek cov kws sau paj huam: Sappho, Alkey, Anacreon. Tab sis qhov tseem ceeb rau nws yog opera. Nyob rau hauv lub 60s. nws kev tshawb fawb "Lo lus thiab suab paj nruag hauv opera. Sau ntawv ntawm Kev Kawm Opera” thiab lwm yam. "Opera zoo li kuv yog qhov tsim nyog tshaj plaws rau kev nthuav tawm kuv txoj kev xav ... nws enchants kuv," tus kws sau ntawv nws tus kheej qhia nws tus cwj pwm rau nws ib hom ntawv nyeem.
K. Zenkin
