Jean-Baptiste Lully |

Jean-Baptiste Lully

Lully Jean-Baptiste. Minuet

Ob peb yog cov kws ntaus suab paj nruag Fabkis tiag tiag li cov neeg Italian no, nws ib leeg hauv Fab Kis tau khaws cov koob npe rau ib puas xyoo. R. Rollan

JB Lully yog ib tus kws sau nkauj ua yeeb yam zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX thiab tus tsim ntawm Fabkis lub suab paj nruag theatre. Lully nkag mus rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm lub teb chaws opera ob qho tib si raws li tus creator ntawm ib hom ntawv tshiab - lyrical tragedy (raws li lub zoo mythological opera hu ua nyob rau hauv Fabkis), thiab raws li ib tug zoo kawg nkaus theatrical daim duab - nws yog nyob rau hauv nws cov thawj coj uas Royal Academy of Music tau los ua. thawj lub tsev ua yeeb yam hauv Fabkis, uas tom qab ntawd tau txais koob meej thoob ntiaj teb hu ua Grand Opera.

Lully tau yug los rau hauv ib tsev neeg miller. Lub peev xwm suab paj nruag thiab kev ua yeeb yam ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas nyiam cov xim ntawm Duke of Guise, uas, ca. Nyob rau hauv 1646 nws coj Lully mus rau Paris, muab nws mus rau qhov kev pab cuam ntawm Princess Montpensier (tus muam ntawm King Louis XIV). Tsis tau txais kev kawm suab paj nruag hauv nws lub tebchaws, uas thaum muaj hnub nyoog 14 xyoos tsuas yog tuaj yeem hu nkauj thiab ntaus guitar, Lully tau kawm txog kev sau nkauj thiab hu nkauj hauv Paris, coj cov lus qhia hauv kev ua si harpsichord thiab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, nws nyiam violin. Cov tub ntxhais hluas Italian, uas tau txais txiaj ntsig ntawm Louis XIV, tau ua haujlwm zoo hauv nws lub tsev hais plaub. Ib tug txawj ntse virtuoso, hais txog leej twg contemporaries hais tias - "mus ua si lub violin zoo li Baptiste", tsis ntev nws nkag mus rau lub nto moo orchestra "24 Violins ntawm tus huab tais", kwv yees li. 1656 tau teeb tsa thiab coj nws lub suab paj nruag me "16 Violins ntawm Vaj". Nyob rau hauv 1653, Lully tau txais txoj hauj lwm ntawm "lub tsev hais plaub composer ntawm instrumental music", txij li thaum 1662 nws twb yog tus thawj coj ntawm lub tsev hais plaub suab paj nruag, thiab 10 xyoo tom qab - tus tswv ntawm ib tug patent rau txoj cai nrhiav tau lub Royal Academy ntawm Music nyob rau hauv Paris " nrog rau kev siv txoj cai no mus ntev thiab hloov nws mus rau bequeathed rau tus tub twg ua tiav nws ua tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm huab tais lub suab paj nruag. " Xyoo 1681, Louis XIV tau qhuas nws txoj kev nyiam nrog cov ntawv ntawm nom tswv thiab lub npe ntawm tus kws pab tswv yim-secretary. Tau tuag hauv Paris, Lully mus txog rau thaum kawg ntawm nws hnub tau tuav txoj hauj lwm ntawm tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm lub suab paj nruag lub neej ntawm Fabkis lub peev.

Lully txoj haujlwm tau tsim tshwj xeeb hauv cov hom thiab cov ntawv uas tau tsim thiab cog qoob loo ntawm lub tsev hais plaub ntawm "Sun King". Ua ntej tig mus rau opera, Lully nyob rau hauv thawj xyoo caum ntawm nws cov kev pab cuam (1650-60) tsim instrumental suab paj nruag (suites thiab divertissements rau hlua instruments, ib tug neeg daim thiab marches rau cua tshuab, thiab lwm yam), dawb huv compositions, suab paj nruag rau ballet ua yeeb yam (" Mob Cupid", "Alsidiana", "Ballet of Mocking", thiab lwm yam). Kev koom tes hauv tsev hais plaub tsis tu ncua raws li tus sau nkauj, tus thawj coj, tus ua yeeb yam thiab tus kws ua las voos, Lully tau paub txog kev ua yeeb yam ntawm Fabkis txoj kev seev cev, nws cov suab paj nruag thiab intonation thiab theem nta. Kev koom tes nrog JB Molière tau pab tus kws sau nkauj nkag mus rau hauv lub ntiaj teb ntawm Fab Kis ua yeeb yam, kom hnov ​​​​lub teb chaws tus kheej ntawm kev hais lus, ua yeeb yam, coj, thiab lwm yam. Lully sau nkauj rau Molière cov yeeb yam (Kev sib yuav tsis yeem, Ntxhais fuabtais ntawm Elis, Sicilian), " Hlub tus kws kho mob ", thiab lwm yam), plays lub luag hauj lwm ntawm Pursonjak nyob rau hauv lub comedy "Monsieur de Pursonjac" thiab Mufti nyob rau hauv "Tus neeg ua lag luam nyob rau hauv lub nobility". Tau ntev nws tseem yog tus yeeb ncuab ntawm kev ua yeeb yam, ntseeg tias cov lus Fab Kis tsis tsim nyog rau hom ntawv no, Lully thaum ntxov 1670s. hloov nws txoj kev xav sai sai. Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm 1672-86. Nws tau teeb tsa 13 qhov xwm txheej ntawm lub Royal Academy of Music (xws li Cadmus thiab Hermione, Alceste, Theseus, Atys, Armida, Acis thiab Galatea). Nws yog cov haujlwm no uas tau tsim lub hauv paus ntawm Fabkis lub suab paj nruag ua yeeb yam thiab txiav txim siab hom kev ua yeeb yam hauv tebchaws uas tau kav Fabkis rau ntau xyoo lawm. "Lully tsim ib lub teb chaws Fabkis txoj opera, nyob rau hauv uas cov ntawv nyeem thiab suab paj nruag yog ua ke nrog lub teb chaws txhais tau tias ntawm kev nthuav qhia thiab saj, thiab uas qhia txog ob qho tib si shortcomings thiab lub virtues ntawm Fabkis kos duab," sau tus German tshawb fawb G. Kretschmer.

Lully's style ntawm lyrical tragedy tau tsim nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog cov kab lig kev cai ntawm Fabkis ua yeeb yam ntawm Classical era. Lub hom phiaj ntawm tsib lub ntsiab lus loj nrog cov lus qhuab qhia, kev hais lus thiab kev ua si theem, cov ntsiab lus (Ancient Greek mythology, keeb kwm ntawm Ancient Rome), cov tswv yim thiab teeb meem kev coj ncaj ncees (kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm kev xav thiab vim li cas, mob siab rau thiab lub luag haujlwm ) coj Lully's operas los ze rau qhov xwm txheej ntawm P. Corneille thiab J. Racine . Tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb yog qhov kev sib txuas ntawm kev ua yeeb yam zoo nkauj nrog cov kab lis kev cai ntawm lub teb chaws tus neeg ua yeeb yam - kev nthuav dav loj (ntxig cov naj npawb seev cev tsis cuam tshuam nrog zaj dab neeg), kev ua yeeb yam, kev ua koob tsheej, kev ua koob tsheej, duab kos duab, kev ua yeeb yam ua yeeb yam tau txhim kho qhov zoo nkauj thiab zoo nkauj ntawm lub tsev. kev ua yeeb yam. Cov kev lig kev cai ntawm kev qhia tus neeg ntaus pob tesniv uas tau tshwm sim hauv lub sijhawm Lully tau ua pov thawj kom ruaj khov thiab txuas ntxiv hauv Fabkis txoj kev ua yeeb yam rau ntau pua xyoo. Lully lub hwj chim tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub orchestral suites ntawm lig XNUMXth thiab thaum ntxov xyoo pua XNUMX. (G. Muffat, I. Fuchs, G. Telemann thiab lwm tus). Tsim los ntawm tus ntsuj plig ntawm Lully's ballet divertissements, lawv suav nrog Fabkis txoj kev seev cev thiab cov cim. Dav dav hauv opera thiab instrumental music ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX. tau txais ib yam tshwj xeeb ntawm overture, uas coj cov duab nyob rau hauv lub lyrical tragedy ntawm Lully (lub thiaj li hu ua "Fabkis" overture, muaj xws li ib tug qeeb, solemn kev taw qhia thiab lub zog, txav lub ntsiab seem).

Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub XVIII caug xyoo. Lub suab paj nruag ntawm Lully thiab nws cov thwjtim (M. Charpentier, A. Campra, A. Detouches), thiab nrog rau nws tag nrho cov qauv ntawm lub tsev hais plaub opera, dhau los ua qhov khoom ntawm kev sib tham ntse tshaj plaws, parodies, thuam ("kev tsov rog ntawm lub buffons", "kev ua tsov ua rog ntawm glucians thiab picchinnists"). Art, uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm lub heyday ntawm absolutism, twb perceived los ntawm contemporaries ntawm Diderot thiab Rousseau li dilapidated, lifeless, pompous thiab pompous. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev ua haujlwm ntawm Lully, uas tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov yeeb yam zoo nkauj hauv opera, tau nyiam cov neeg ua yeeb yaj kiab (JF Rameau, GF Handel, KV Gluck), uas ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau monumentality, pathos, nruj me ntsis rational, orderly lub koom haum ntawm tag nrho.

I. Okhalova