Harpsichord: piav qhia ntawm qhov ntsuas, muaj pes tsawg leeg, keeb kwm, suab, ntau yam

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XNUMXth, kev ua si harpsichord tau suav hais tias yog lub cim ntawm kev ua kom zoo, ua kom zoo nkauj, thiab kev ua siab zoo. Thaum cov qhua sib sau ua ke hauv chav nyob ntawm cov neeg nplua nuj bourgeois, suab paj nruag tau paub meej. Niaj hnub no, ib tug keyboard stringed tshuab raj tsuas yog ib tug neeg sawv cev ntawm kab lis kev cai ntawm yav dhau los nyob deb. Tab sis cov qhab nia sau rau nws los ntawm cov kws sau nkauj nrov harpsichord yog siv los ntawm cov kws ntaus nkauj niaj hnub ua ib feem ntawm chamber concerts.

Harpsichord ntaus ntawv

Lub cev ntawm qhov ntsuas zoo li lub piano loj. Rau kev tsim khoom, cov ntoo muaj txiaj ntsig tau siv. Qhov saum npoo tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov duab, duab, paintings, coj mus rau fashion tiam sis. Lub cev tau mounted ntawm ob txhais ceg. Thaum ntxov harpsichords yog duab plaub, mounted rau ntawm lub rooj los yog sawv ntsug.

Cov cuab yeej thiab lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm zoo ib yam li clavichord. Qhov txawv yog nyob rau hauv sib txawv txoj hlua ntev thiab ib tug complex mechanism. Cov hlua tau tsim los ntawm cov leeg ntawm cov tsiaj, tom qab ntawd lawv tau los ua hlau. Cov keyboard muaj cov yuam sij dawb thiab dub. Thaum nias, ib tug tis plaub uas txuas rau lub plucked ntaus ntawv nrog ib tug pusher ntaus txoj hlua. Lub harpsichord tej zaum yuav muaj ib lossis ob lub keyboards muab tso rau saum ib qho.

Lub suab harpsichord zoo li cas?

Thawj cov ntawv luam muaj lub suab me me - tsuas yog 3 octaves. Cov keyboards tshwj xeeb tau ua lub luag haujlwm hloov lub ntim thiab lub suab nrov. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th, qhov kev nthuav dav mus rau 5 octaves, muaj ob phau ntawv qhia keyboard. Lub suab ntawm ib tug qub harpsichord yog jerky. Cov khoom ntawm cov nplaum nplaum rau cov nplais tau pab kom nws sib txawv, ua kom nws ntsiag to lossis nrov dua.

Sim txhim kho cov txheej txheem, cov tswv tau muab cov cuab yeej nrog cov hlua ntawm ob, plaub, yim rau txhua lub suab, zoo li lub cev. Cov levers uas hloov cov ntawv sau npe tau nruab rau ntawm ob sab ntawm cov keyboard. Tom qab ntawd, lawv tau los ua ko taw pedals, zoo li piano pedals. Txawm tias lub dynamism, lub suab yog monotonous.

Keeb kwm ntawm creation ntawm lub harpsichord

Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias twb nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 15th nyob rau hauv ltalis lawv ntaus ib tug ntaus ntawv nrog ib tug luv luv, hnyav lub cev. Leej twg yog invented nws yog tsis paub. Nws tuaj yeem tsim nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees, England, Fabkis. Qhov qub tshaj plaws muaj sia nyob tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1515 hauv Ligivimeno.

Muaj ntawv pov thawj los ntawm 1397, raws li Herman Poll tau hais txog cov cuab yeej clavicembalum nws tau tsim. Feem ntau cov ntaub ntawv rov qab mus rau 15th thiab 16th centuries. Ces kaj ntug ntawm harpsichords pib, uas yuav txawv nyob rau hauv loj, hom mechanism. Cov npe kuj txawv:

• clavicembalo - hauv ltalis;
• spinet - nyob rau hauv Fabkis;
• Archichord - nyob rau hauv England.

Lub npe harpsichord los ntawm lo lus clavis - qhov tseem ceeb, qhov tseem ceeb. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th, craftsmen ntawm Italian Venice tau koom nyob rau hauv lub creation ntawm cov cuab yeej. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lawv tau muab rau Northern Europe los ntawm Flemish craftsmen hu ua Ruckers los ntawm Antwerp.

Rau ob peb centuries, lub forerunner ntawm lub piano yog lub ntsiab solo instrument. Nws yuav tsum tau suab hauv theatre ntawm kev ua yeeb yam opera. Aristocrats xav tias nws yuav tsum tau yuav ib lub harpsichord rau lawv chav nyob, them nyiaj rau kev cob qhia kim los ua si rau cov neeg hauv tsev neeg. Refined suab paj nruag tau dhau los ua ib feem ntawm lub tsev hais plaub.

Qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX tau cim los ntawm qhov nrov ntawm lub piano, uas suab ntau ntau, tso cai rau koj mus ua si los ntawm kev hloov lub zog ntawm lub suab. Cov cuab yeej harpsichord tau tawm ntawm kev tsim khoom, nws keeb kwm xaus.

Hom

Cov pab pawg ntawm cov keyboard chordophones suav nrog ntau yam twj paj nruag. Kev koom ua ke los ntawm ib lub npe, lawv muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb. Case loj yuav txawv. Classical harpsichord muaj lub suab nrov ntawm 5 octave. Tab sis tsis muaj tsawg nrov yog lwm yam, txawv ntawm ib leeg nyob rau hauv cov duab ntawm lub cev, kev npaj ntawm cov hlua.

Hauv nkauj xwb, nws yog duab plaub, phau ntawv nyob rau sab xis. Cov hlua tau stretched perpendicular rau cov yawm sij. Tib cov qauv thiab cov duab ntawm lub hull muaj ib tug muselar. Lwm hom yog spinet. Nyob rau xyoo pua XNUMX, nws tau nrov heev hauv tebchaws Askiv. Cov cuab yeej muaj ib phau ntawv, cov hlua tau ncab diagonally. Ib qho ntawm cov laus tshaj plaws yog clavicitherium nrog lub cev vertically.

Cov kws sau ntawv tseem ceeb thiab harpsichords

Cov neeg ntaus suab paj nruag 'kev txaus siab rau qhov ntsuas tau siv sijhawm ntau pua xyoo. Lub sijhawm no, cov ntaub ntawv suab paj nruag tau ntxiv nrog ntau cov haujlwm sau los ntawm cov kws sau nkauj zoo nkauj. Lawv feem ntau yws yws tias thaum sau cov qhab nia lawv pom lawv tus kheej nyob rau hauv txoj haujlwm txwv, vim tias lawv tsis tuaj yeem qhia qib ntawm fortissimo lossis pianissimo. Tab sis lawv tsis kam muab lub cib fim los tsim cov suab paj nruag rau ib qho zoo nkauj harpsichord nrog lub suab ci ntsa iab.

Nyob rau hauv Fabkis, txawm ib lub teb chaws lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm kev ua si cov cuab yeej raug tsim. Nws tus tsim yog Baroque composer J. Chambonière. Nws yog tsev hais plaub harpsichordist rau Vaj Ntxwv Louis XIII thiab Louis XIV. Nyob rau hauv ltalis, D. Scarlatti tau rightfully suav hais tias yog ib tug virtuoso ntawm lub harpsichord style. Cov keeb kwm ntawm lub ntiaj teb suab paj nruag suav nrog cov qhab nia solo los ntawm cov neeg sau nto moo xws li A. Vivaldi, VA Mozart, Henry Purcell, D. Zipoli, G. Handel.

Thaum lub sijhawm tig ntawm 1896th-XNUMXth centuries, cov cuab yeej zoo li irretrievably ib yam ntawm yav dhau los. Arnold Dolmech yog thawj zaug sim muab nws lub neej tshiab. Hauv XNUMX, tus tswv suab paj nruag tau ua tiav txoj haujlwm ntawm nws lub suab paj nruag hauv London, qhib kev cob qhia tshiab hauv Asmeskas thiab Fabkis.

Tus pianist Wanda Landowska tau los ua tus neeg tseem ceeb hauv kev txhawb siab ntawm lub cuab yeej. Nws tau hais kom tus qauv kev hais kwv txhiaj los ntawm Parisian Rhiav, tau them nyiaj ntau rau kev zoo nkauj harpsichord, thiab kawm cov qhab nia qub. Hauv Netherlands, Gustav Leonhardt tau koom tes nrog kev rov qab los ntawm kev txaus siab rau cov suab paj nruag tiag tiag. Rau feem ntau ntawm nws lub neej, nws tau ua haujlwm ntawm kev kaw suab paj nruag ntawm Bach lub tsev teev ntuj, ua haujlwm ntawm baroque thiab Viennese classics composers.

Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX, kev txaus siab rau cov cuab yeej qub tau nce. Ob peb tus neeg paub tias tus tub ntawm tus naas ej opera singer, Tub Vaj Ntxwv AM Volkonsky mob siab rau ntau lub sij hawm rau recreating lub suab paj nruag yav dhau los thiab txawm nrhiav tau ib tug qhabnias ua yeeb yam pawg. Niaj hnub no koj tuaj yeem kawm yuav ua li cas ua si harpsichord nyob rau hauv lub conservatories ntawm Moscow, Kazan, St.