Ob chav ntses bass thaj tsam: piav qhia ntawm qhov ntsuas, muaj pes tsawg leeg, keeb kwm, suab, siv

Ob chav ntses bass thaj tsam yog ib qho khoom siv suab paj nruag uas yog tsev neeg ntawm cov hlua, hneev, nws txawv ntawm nws lub suab qis thiab qhov loj me. Nws muaj peev xwm ua suab paj nruag nplua nuj: haum rau kev ua yeeb yam solo, nws nyob hauv ib qho chaw tseem ceeb hauv symphony orchestra.

Ob chav ntses bass thaj tsam

Qhov ntev ntawm ob lub ntses bass thaj tsam ncav cuag 2 meters nyob rau hauv qhov siab, lub ntsuas muaj xws li cov nram qab no qhov chaw:

• Ncej. Ntoo, muaj 2 decks, fastened rau ob sab nrog lub plhaub, qhov nruab nrab ntev ntawm 110-120 centimeters. Cov qauv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yog 2 ovals (saum toj, qis), nruab nrab ntawm lawv muaj ib tug nqaim qhov chaw hu ua lub duav, nyob rau saum npoo muaj ob resonator qhov nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm curls. Lwm cov kev xaiv muaj peev xwm: pear-puab lub cev, guitars thiab lwm yam.
• caj dab. Txuas nrog rau lub cev, cov hlua txuas nrog nws.
• Txoj hlua tuav. Nws nyob hauv qab ntawm rooj plaub.
• Txoj hlua sawv. Nws yog nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub tailpiece thiab lub caj dab, kwv yees li hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub cev.
• Cov hlua. Cov qauv Orchestral tau nruab nrog 4 cov hlua tuab ua los ntawm cov hlau lossis cov khoom siv hluavtaws nrog obligatory tooj liab winding. Tsis tshua muaj cov qauv nrog 3 lossis 5 txoj hlua.
• Vulture. Qhov kawg ntawm lub caj dab yog crowned nrog lub taub hau nrog tuning pegs.
• Kab laug sab. Tsim los rau cov qauv loj loj: tso cai rau koj los kho qhov siab, kho tus qauv tsim kom loj hlob ntawm lub tshuab raj.
• Hneev. Ib qho tseem ceeb ntxiv rau contrabass. Vim yog cov hlua hnyav, tuab, ua si nrog koj cov ntiv tes yog ua tau, tab sis nyuaj. Niaj hnub nimno ob chav bassists tuaj yeem xaiv los ntawm 2 hom bows: Fabkis, German. Tus thawj muaj ib tug ntev dua, surpasses tus nrog sib ntaus nyob rau hauv maneuverability, lightness. Qhov thib ob yog hnyav dua, luv dua, tab sis yooj yim los tswj.

Ib qho yuav tsum tau ua yog lub npog lossis rooj plaub: thauj cov qauv uas tuaj yeem hnyav txog 10 kg yog qhov teeb meem, lub hau yuav pab tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj rau rooj plaub.

Ob chav bass suab zoo li cas?

Ob chav bass thaj tsam yog kwv yees li 4 octaves. Hauv kev xyaum, tus nqi tsawg dua: lub suab siab tsuas yog muaj rau cov neeg ua yeeb yam virtuoso.

Cov cuab yeej tsim tawm qis, tab sis qab ntxiag rau lub pob ntseg suab, uas muaj qhov zoo nkauj, tshwj xeeb yog xim ntoo. tuab, velvety ob chav ntses bass thaj tsam mus zoo nrog lub bassoon, tuba, thiab lwm pab pawg ntawm orchestral instruments.

Cov qauv ntawm ob chav bass tuaj yeem ua raws li hauv qab no:

• orchestral - cov hlua yog tuned nyob rau hauv plaub;
• solo - hlua tuning mus ib lub suab siab dua.

Hom ntawm ob chav basses

Cov cuab yeej sib txawv ntawm qhov loj. Tag nrho cov qauv suab nrov dua, cov me me suab tsis muaj zog, txwv tsis pub cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv zoo sib xws. Txog rau thaum xyoo 90s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, ob chav basses ntawm qhov ntau thiab tsawg tau xyaum tsis tau ua. Niaj hnub no koj tuaj yeem yuav cov qauv hauv qhov ntau thiab tsawg ntawm 1/16 txog 3/4.

Cov qauv me me yog tsim los rau cov tub ntxhais kawm, cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm lub tsev kawm suab paj nruag, rau cov kws ntaus suab paj nruag ua si sab nraum lub orchestra. Kev xaiv ntawm cov qauv nyob ntawm qhov siab thiab qhov ntev ntawm tus neeg: ntawm tus qauv zoo nkauj, tsuas yog tus kws ntaus nkauj ntawm lub tsev loj tuaj yeem ua suab paj nruag.

Cov cuab yeej txo qis zoo ib yam rau cov kwv tij orchestral tag nrho, txawv tsuas yog xim xim thiab suab.

Ob chav ntses bass thaj tsam keeb kwm

Keeb kwm hu ua ob lub bass viola, uas kis thoob plaws hauv Tebchaws Europe thaum lub sijhawm Renaissance, tus thawj coj ntawm ob lub bass. Qhov kev ntsuas tsib-txoj hlua no tau raug coj los ua lub hauv paus los ntawm tus tswv ntawm Italian keeb kwm Michele Todini: nws tshem tawm txoj hlua qis (qhov qis tshaj) thiab cov frets ntawm tus ntiv tes, tawm hauv lub cev tsis hloov. Lub suab nrov txawv txawv, tau txais lub npe ywj pheej - ob lub ntses bass thaj tsam. Lub xyoo ntawm kev tsim yog 1566 - thawj sau hais txog qhov ntsuas hnub rov qab rau nws.

Kev txhim kho thiab txhim kho cov cuab yeej tsis yog yam tsis muaj Amati violin makers, uas tau sim nrog cov duab ntawm lub cev thiab qhov ntev ntawm cov qauv. Nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees, muaj me me, "npias basses" - lawv ua si rau lawv nyob deb nroog hnub so, hauv khw.

XVIII caug xyoo: ob lub bass nyob rau hauv lub orchestra ua ib tug tas mus li koom. Lwm qhov xwm txheej ntawm lub sijhawm no yog cov tsos ntawm cov kws ntaus nkauj ua si solo ntawm ob lub bass (Dragonetti, Bottesini).

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XNUMX, ib qho kev sim ua kom tsim tau ib qho qauv uas rov tsim cov suab qis tshaj plaws. Plaub-meter octobass tau tsim los ntawm Fab Kis Fab Kis Zh-B. Vuillaume. Vim qhov hnyav hnyav, qhov loj me me, qhov kev tsim kho tshiab tsis tau siv dav.

Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, lub repertoire, possibilities ntawm cov cuab yeej nthuav. Nws pib siv los ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam ntawm jazz, pob zeb thiab yob, thiab lwm yam kev ua suab paj nruag niaj hnub. Nws yog tsim nyog sau cia cov tsos ntawm 20s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem ntawm hluav taws xob basses: sib dua, ntau tswj tau, ntau xis nyob.

Cov txheej txheem ua si

Xa mus rau cov hlua khi ntawm cov twj paj nruag, ob chav ntses bass thaj tsam qhia 2 txoj hauv kev kom rho tawm suab:

• hneev nti;
• ntiv tes.

Thaum Lub Sij Hawm Ua Si, tus neeg ua yeeb yam solo sawv, tus tswv cuab ntawm lub suab paj nruag zaum ntawm nws lub quav. Cov tswv yim muaj rau cov kws ntaus suab paj nruag zoo ib yam li cov neeg siv violinists. Cov qauv tsim, qhov hnyav hnyav ntawm hneev taw thiab lub ntsuas nws tus kheej ua rau nws nyuaj rau kev ua si cov lus thiab teev. Cov txheej txheem siv feem ntau yog hu ua pizzicato.

Muaj cov suab paj nruag kov:

• nthuav dav - rho tawm ob peb daim ntawv sib law liag los ntawm kev txav tus hneev, los ntawm kev hloov nws cov kev taw qhia;
• staccato - jerky txav ntawm hneev nce thiab nqis;
• tremolo - rov ua dua ntawm ib lub suab;
• legato - ib qho kev hloov ntawm lub suab mus rau lub suab.

siv

Ua ntej tshaj plaws, qhov cuab yeej no yog ib qho orchestral. Nws lub luag haujlwm yog txhawm rau nthuav cov kab ntses bass thaj tsam tsim los ntawm cellos, tsim kom muaj lub hauv paus zoo rau kev ua si ntawm lwm txoj hlua "cov npoj yaig".

Niaj hnub no, ib lub orchestra tuaj yeem muaj txog li 8 ob lub basses (rau kev sib piv, lawv tau siv los ua kom txaus siab rau ib qho).

Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm cov suab paj nruag tshiab ua rau nws siv tau cov cuab yeej hauv jazz, lub teb chaws, kev nyuaj siab, bluegrass, pob zeb. Niaj hnub no nws yuav zoo hu ua indispensable: nws yog nquag siv los ntawm pop ua yeeb yam, suab paj nruag uas tsis yog-tus qauv, tsis tshua muaj hom, feem ntau orchestras (los ntawm cov tub rog mus rau lub chamber sawv daws yuav).