Kev sau ntawv |
los ntawm lat. compositio - kev sib sau, kev sib sau
1) Ib daim suab paj nruag, qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev muaj tswv yim ntawm tus kws sau ntawv. Lub tswv yim ntawm kev sau ua tiav kev kos duab tsis tau tsim tam sim ntawd. Nws tsim yog sib txuas nrog kev txo qis hauv lub luag haujlwm ntawm improvisations. pib hauv suab paj nruag. kos duab thiab nrog kev txhim kho ntawm cov suab paj nruag, uas nyob rau ntawm ib theem ntawm txoj kev loj hlob tau ua kom raug kaw suab paj nruag hauv cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Yog li ntawd, niaj hnub lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus "K." nrhiav tau tsuas yog los ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th, thaum lub suab paj nruag tsim kev txhais tau tias kho tsis tau tsuas yog qhov siab, tab sis kuj lub sij hawm ntawm lub suab. Suab paj nruag keeb kwm. Tej hauj lwm tau sau tseg yam tsis tau qhia lub npe ntawm lawv tus kws sau ntawv - tus kws sau ntawv, uas tau pib tsuas yog los ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th. Qhov no yog vim qhov loj hlob tseem ceeb ntawm tus kheej cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev kos duab hauv K. lub siab ntawm nws tus sau. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nyob rau hauv ib qho K., cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov muses kuj tau tshwm sim. kos duab ntawm ib tug muab era, cov yam ntxwv ntawm no era nws tus kheej. Keeb kwm ntawm suab paj nruag yog nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev keeb kwm ntawm Muses. compositions - zoo heev tej hauj lwm ntawm loj artists.
2) Cov qauv ntawm kev ua suab paj nruag, nws daim ntawv suab paj nruag (saib daim ntawv suab paj nruag).
3) Kev sau nkauj, ib hom kev kos duab. kev muaj tswv yim. Yuav tsum muaj tswv yim. giftedness, raws li zoo raws li ib tug tej yam degree ntawm kev cob qhia - kev paub ntawm lub ntsiab. qauv ntawm kev tsim kho suab paj nruag. tej hauj lwm uas tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov chav kawm ntawm keeb kwm suab paj nruag kev loj hlob. Txawm li cas los xij, cov suab paj nruag ua haujlwm yuav tsum tsis yog cov txheej txheem ntawm cov suab paj nruag uas paub, tab sis kos duab. tag nrho, sib xws aesthetic. cov kev xav tau ntawm zej zog. Ua li no, nws yuav tsum muaj cov kos duab tshiab. cov ntsiab lus, vim yog social thiab ideological. yam thiab xav txog nyob rau hauv ib tug figuratively cim daim ntawv qhov tseem ceeb, cov yam ntxwv ntawm niaj hnub kev muaj tiag rau tus composer. Cov ntsiab lus tshiab kuj txiav txim siab qhov tshiab ntawm kev nthuav tawm txhais tau tias, txawm li cas los xij, hauv cov suab paj nruag tiag tiag tsis txhais hais tias kev so nrog kev lig kev cai, tab sis nws txoj kev loj hlob hauv kev sib txuas nrog cov txuj ci tshiab. cov dej num (saib Realism hauv suab paj nruag, Socialist realism hauv suab paj nruag). Tsuas yog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm txhua yam avant-garde, modernist txav hauv suab paj nruag tawg nrog cov kab lig kev cai uas tau tsim nyob rau ntau pua xyoo, tsis kam los ntawm hom thiab tonality, los ntawm cov hom qub uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm daim ntawv, thiab tib lub sijhawm los ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib raug zoo. muaj qee yam kev kos duab thiab kev txawj ntse (saib Avant-gardism , Aleatoric , Atonal music , Dodecaphony , Concrete music , Pointillism , Expressionism , Electronic music ). Creative nws tus kheej. txheej txheem ntawm dec. Cov kws sau paj huam ua haujlwm sib txawv. Rau qee tus kws sau nkauj, suab paj nruag, zoo li improvisation, nchuav tawm yooj yim, lawv tam sim ntawd sau nws hauv ib daim ntawv tiav uas tsis xav tau qhov tseem ceeb tom qab refinement, kho kom zoo nkauj thiab polishing (WA Mozart, F. Schubert). Lwm tus pom qhov kev daws teeb meem zoo tshaj plaws tsuas yog los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntev thiab khaus ntawm kev txhim kho qhov pib kos duab (L. Beethoven). Qee tus neeg siv lub cuab yeej thaum sau nkauj, feem ntau yog fp. (piv txwv li, J. Haydn, F. Chopin), lwm tus neeg mus xyuas ff. tsuas yog tom qab ua haujlwm tiav lawm (F. Schubert, R. Schumann, SS Prokofiev). Nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, cov txheej txheem rau tus nqi ntawm ib tug tsim ua hauj lwm los ntawm realist composers yog lub degree ntawm nws correspondence rau cov kos duab. xav. Avant-garde composers muaj ib tug muaj tswv yim txheej txheem yuav siv sij hawm ib tug rational ua ke ntawm lub suab raws li ib tug los yog lwm yam arbitrarily tsim txoj cai (piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv dodecaphony), thiab feem ntau lub caij ntawm lub caij nyoog yog qhov tseem ceeb (hauv aleatorics, thiab lwm yam). ).
4) Ib qho kev kawm qhia hauv cov chaw khaws cia, thiab lwm yam. cov tsev kawm ntawv dej khov. Nyob rau hauv Russia nws yog feem ntau hu ua ib tsab ntawv. K. chav kawm, raws li txoj cai, yog ua los ntawm tus kws sau ntawv; Cov chav kawm muaj feem ntau nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb tias tus kws qhia ntawv tau paub txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus tub-ntxhais sau ntawv lossis ib feem ntawm txoj haujlwm no, muab nws qhov kev ntsuam xyuas dav dav thiab ua cov lus hais txog nws tus kheej cov ntsiab lus. Tus kws qhia ntawv feem ntau muab cov tub ntxhais kawm txoj kev ywj pheej xaiv cov hom ntawm nws cov khoom; Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, txoj kev npaj dav dav ntawm chav kawm muab kev ua haujlwm maj mam ua ntej los ntawm qhov yooj yim mus rau qhov nyuaj, mus txog rau ntau hom wok.-instr. thiab instr. music - operas thiab symphonies. Muaj txhais tau tias. tus lej nyiaj pub dawb rau K. Mus txog 19 c. tus nqi ntawm cov lus qhia rau K. feem ntau tau txais phau ntawv qhia ntawm counterpoint (polyphony), cov ntses bass thaj tsam, kev sib haum xeeb, txawm tias cov lus nug ntawm cov suab paj nruag. kev muab tua. Ntawm lawv, piv txwv li, “Treatise on harmony” (“Traité de l'harmonie”, 1722) J. P. Rameau, “Qhov kev paub ntawm kev qhia hauv kev ua si lub raj nplaim” (“Versuch einer Anweisung die Plute traversiere zu spielen”, 1752) I. THIAB. Quantz, “Kev paub txog txoj hauv kev kom raug ua si ntawm clavier” (“Versuch über die wahre Art das Clavier zu spielen”, 1753-62) K. F. E. Bach, “Cov kev paub ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv violin” (“Versuch einer grundlichen Violinschule”, 1756) los ntawm L. Mozart. Qee lub sij hawm, kev ua suab paj nruag kuj tau suav tias yog cov lus qhia rau kev sau suab paj nruag - xws li, piv txwv li, Qhov Zoo-Tempered Clavier thiab Art of Fugue los ntawm I. C. Bach (qhov no "qhia" cov ntsiab lus tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th, piv txwv li. "Kev Ua Si ntawm Tonalities" - "Ludus tonalis" los ntawm Hindemith, "Microcosmos" los ntawm Bartok). Txij li thaum xyoo pua 19th, thaum niaj hnub kev nkag siab ntawm lo lus "K.", phau ntawv qhia rau K. feem ntau muab cov chav kawm ntawm qhov pib. suab paj nruag theorist kev qhuab qhia, kev paub txog uas tsim nyog rau tus kws sau ntawv. Cov kev qhuab qhia no tau qhia nyob rau niaj hnub no. conservatories raws li cais uch. kev kawm - kev sib haum xeeb, polyphony, cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm daim ntawv, instrumentation. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, hauv phau ntawv qhia ntawm K. cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm cov suab paj nruag feem ntau yog nthuav tawm, cov lus nug ntawm hom thiab cov qauv raug kho, piv txwv li e. thaj chaw ntawm suab paj nruag. theories mus txog rau tam sim no. lub sij hawm tsis qhia ua ywj siab. peb. kev qhuab qhia. Xws li cov uch. kev qhia ntawv J. G. Momigny (1803-06), A. Reichi (1818-33), G. Weber (1817-21), A. B. Marx (1837-47), Z. Zechter (1853-54), E. Prouta (1876-95), S. Yadasson (1883-89), V. d'Andy (1902-09). Ib qho chaw tseem ceeb ntawm cov haujlwm no yog nyob hauv "Cov Ntawv Qhia Loj ntawm Kev Sau" los ntawm X. Riman (1902-13). Kuj muaj uch. phau ntawv qhia kev sau nkauj ntawm qee yam (piv txwv li, suab, theem), qee yam (piv txwv li, nkauj). Nyob rau hauv Russia, thawj phau ntawv los ntawm K. tau sau los ntawm kuv. L. Fuchs (ntawm nws. lang., 1830) thiab I. TO. Gunke (hauv Lavxias 1859-63). Cov haujlwm muaj txiaj ntsig thiab cov lus hais txog K. thiab nws txoj kev qhia yog N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov, P. THIAB. Tchaikovsky, S. THIAB. Taneevu. Phau ntawv K., muaj los ntawm owls. sau ntawv, npaj preim. rau beginners uas tseem tsis tau dhau qhov pib. theorist. khoom. Cov no yog cov haujlwm ntawm M. P. Gnesina (1941) thiab E.
References: 3) thiab 4) (lawv sau npe ua haujlwm feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog lub sijhawm uas niaj hnub nkag siab ntawm lo lus "K." twb tau tsim, thiab txhais cov ntsiab lus ntawm K. tag nrho. ”, tsuas yog qee qhov rye, uas yog cov neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb tshaj plaws) Gunka O., Qhia rau kev sau nkauj, dep. 20-1, St. Petersburg, 3-1859; Tchaikovsky PI, Hais txog kev txawj sau ntawv. Xaiv cov excerpts los ntawm cov ntawv thiab cov khoom. Comp. IF Kunin, M., 63, nyob rau hauv ch. Tchaikovsky PI, On composer creativity and skill, M., 1952; Rimsky-Korsakov HA, Kev kawm suab paj nruag. Tshooj I. Kev cob qhia thiab kev yeem ua haujlwm hauv kev kos duab ntawm suab paj nruag. Tshooj II Theory thiab xyaum thiab obligatory txoj kev xav ntawm suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab conservatory, nyob rau hauv phau ntawv: AN Rimsky-Korsakov, suab paj nruag cov khoom thiab sau ntawv, St. II, M., 1964; Taneev SI, Xav ntawm nws tus kheej muaj tswv yim ua hauj lwm, nyob rau hauv: Nyob rau hauv lub cim xeeb ntawm Sergei Ivanovich Taneev, Sat. cov khoom thiab cov ntaub ntawv ed. Vl. Protopopova, M., 1911; nws, Cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov ntaub ntawv, vol. Ib., M., 1963; Gnesin MP, Initial course of practical composition, M.-L., 1947, M., 1952; Bogatyrev S., On the reorganization of composer education, “SM”, 1941, No 1962; Skrebkov S., Hais txog cov txheej txheem sau. Xib Fwb Cov Lus Qhia, “SM”, 1949, No 6; Shebalin V., Ua tib zoo qhia cov hluas, “SM”, 1952, No 10; Evlakhov O., Teeb meem ntawm kev kawm ntawm tus kws sau ntawv, M., 1957, L., 1; Korabelnikova L., Taneyev txog kev loj hlob ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv, "SM", 1958, No 1963; Tikhomirov G., Elements of composer technique, M., 1960; Chulaki M., composers sau nkauj li cas?. “SM”, 9, No 1964; Messner E., Fundamentals of composition, M., 1965.
