Chamber music |
los ntawm lub koob yees duab lig - chav; ital. musica da camera, French musique de chambre chamber music, kab mob. Kammermusik
hom suab paj nruag. kos duab, txawv ntawm theatrical, symphonic thiab concert music. Cov ntawv sau ntawm K. m., raws li txoj cai, tau npaj rau kev ua yeeb yam hauv chav me, rau kev ua si hauv tsev (yog li lub npe). Qhov no tau txiav txim siab thiab siv hauv K. m. instr. compositions (los ntawm ib tug soloist mus rau ntau tus neeg ua yeeb yam koom ua ke nyob rau hauv lub chamber pawg), thiab nws cov txuj ci suab paj nruag raug. kev nthuav qhia. Rau K.m., kev nyiam rau kev sib luag ntawm lub suab, kev lag luam thiab kev nthuav dav zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov suab paj nruag, suab paj nruag, suab paj nruag yog yam ntxwv. thiab dynamic. yuav qhia. nyiaj txiag, txawj ntse thiab muaj ntau yam kev loj hlob ntawm thematic. khoom. K. m. muaj qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau kev xa cov lyric. kev xav thiab kev hloov maj mam tshaj plaws ntawm tib neeg lub siab lub ntsws. Txawm hais tias keeb kwm ntawm K. m. hnub rov qab mus rau Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog, lo lus "K. m." pom zoo nyob rau hauv lub 16-17 centuries. Lub sijhawm no, suab paj nruag classic, sib piv rau cov suab paj nruag ecclesiastical thiab theatrical, txhais tau tias cov suab paj nruag secular npaj rau kev ua yeeb yam hauv tsev lossis hauv tsev hais plaub ntawm huab tais. Lub tsev hais plaub suab paj nruag hu ua "chamber", thiab cov neeg ua yeeb yam uas ua haujlwm hauv tsev hais plaub. ensembles, ris lub npe ntawm chamber musicians.
Qhov sib txawv ntawm pawg ntseeg thiab chamber suab paj nruag tau piav qhia hauv wok. Ib hom ntawv hauv nruab nrab xyoo pua 16th Cov piv txwv ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm cov suab paj nruag classic yog L'antica musica ridotta alla moderna los ntawm Nicolo Vicentino (1555). Xyoo 1635 hauv Venice, G. Arrigoni luam tawm lub suab Concerti da lub koob yees duab. raws li chamber woks. hom nyob rau hauv 17 - ntxov. Xyoo pua 18th tsim cantata (cantata da lub koob yees duab) thiab duet. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th lub npe "K. m." tau txuas mus rau instr. suab paj nruag. Lub tsev teev ntuj qub. thiab chamber instr. suab paj nruag tsis txawv ntawm style; stylistic sib txawv ntawm lawv tau pom tseeb tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th. Piv txwv li, II Kvanz sau nyob rau hauv 1752 hais tias classical music yuav tsum "ntau animation thiab kev ywj pheej ntawm kev xav tshaj lub tsev teev ntuj style." Siab dua instr. daim ntawv ua cyclic. sonata (sonata da lub koob yees duab), tsim los ntawm kev seev cev. suites. Nws tau nthuav dav tshaj plaws nyob rau xyoo pua 17th. trio sonata nrog nws ntau yam - pawg ntseeg. thiab chamber sonatas, me me solo sonata (tsis nrog los yog nrog basso continuo). Classic qauv ntawm trio sonatas thiab solo (nrog basso continuo) sonatas tau tsim los ntawm A. Corelli. Nyob rau hauv lub lem ntawm lub 17-18 centuries. lub concerto grosso hom tshwm sim, thaum xub thawj kuj subdivided rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj. thiab chamber ntau yam. Nyob rau hauv Corelli, piv txwv li, qhov kev faib no yog ua kom meej meej - tawm ntawm 12 concerti grossi (op. 7) nws tsim, 6 yog sau nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj style, thiab 6 nyob rau hauv lub chamber style. Lawv zoo sib xws hauv cov ntsiab lus rau nws sonatas da chiesa thiab da lub koob yees duab. K ser. XVIII caug xyoo kev faib pawg ntseeg. thiab cov hom chamber tau maj mam poob lawv qhov tseem ceeb, tab sis qhov sib txawv ntawm cov suab paj nruag classical thiab kev hais kwv txhiaj suab paj nruag (orchestral thiab choral) ua kom pom tseeb dua.
Tag nrho R. 18th caug xyoo hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm J. Haydn, K. Dittersdorf, L. Boccherini, WA Mozart tsim cov classic. hom instr. pawg - sonata, trio, quartet, thiab lwm yam., tau tsim ib yam. instr. Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov pawg no, kev sib raug zoo raug tsim los ntawm qhov kev nthuav qhia ntawm txhua ntu thiab lub peev xwm ntawm cov cuab yeej uas nws tau npaj (yav dhau los, raws li koj paub, cov kws sau paj huam feem ntau tso cai rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm lawv txoj haujlwm nrog cov khoom sib txawv ntawm cov twj paj nruag. ; Piv txwv li, GF Handel nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm nws "solo" thiab sonatas qhia ob peb ua tau instrumental compositions). Muaj nplua nuj yuav qhia. kev, instr. Cov pawg (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog lub hneev quartet) nyiam cov xim ntawm yuav luag txhua tus neeg sau thiab tau los ua ib hom "chamber ceg" ntawm symphony. hom ntawv. Yog li ntawd, lub ensemble reflected tag nrho cov ntsiab. cov lus qhia ntawm suab paj nruag art-va 18-20 centuries. - los ntawm classicism (J. Haydn, L. Boccherini, WA Mozart, L. Beethoven) thiab romanticism (F. Schubert, F. Mendelssohn, R. Schumann, thiab lwm yam) mus rau ultramodernist abstractionist tam sim no. bourgeois "avant-garde". Hauv pem teb 2. 19th caug xyoo zoo piv txwv ntawm instr. K. m. tsim I. Brahms, A. Dvorak, B. Smetana, E. Grieg, S. Frank, nyob rau tiam 20th. — C. Debussy, M. Ravel, M. Reger, P. Hindemith, L. Janacek, B. Bartok, B. Britten thiab lwm tus.
Kev pab cuam loj heev rau K.m. tau ua los ntawm Russian. composers. Nyob rau hauv Russia, kev sib kis ntawm chamber suab paj nruag pib nyob rau hauv lub 70s. xyoo pua 18th; thawj instr. Cov koom txoos tau sau los ntawm DS Bortnyansky. K. m. tau txais kev txhim kho ntxiv los ntawm AA Alyabyev, MI Glinka thiab mus txog qhov siab tshaj plaws kos duab. qib hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm PI Tchaikovsky thiab AP Borodin; lawv chamber compositions yog characterized los ntawm ib tug pronounced nat. ntsiab lus, psychology. AK Glazunov thiab SV Rakhmaninov tau them nyiaj ntau rau lub chamber pawg, thiab rau SI Taneev nws yog lub ntsiab. yam muaj tswv yim. Exceptionally nplua nuj thiab ntau yam chamber instruments. owl cuab yeej cuab tam. composers; Nws cov kab tseem ceeb yog lyrical-dramatic (N. Ya. Myaskovsky), tragic (DD Shostakovich), lyrical-epic (SS Prokofiev) thiab pej xeem hom.
Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm keeb kwm kev loj hlob style K. m. tau undergone txhais tau tias. Kev hloov pauv, mus txog tam sim no nrog cov suab paj nruag, tom qab ntawd nrog kev hais kwv txhiaj ("symphonization" ntawm bow quartets los ntawm L. Beethoven, I. Brahms, PI Tchaikovsky, nta ntawm concerto hauv L. Beethoven's "Kreutzer" sonata, hauv S. Frank's violin sonata , hauv pawg E. Grieg). Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th qhov kev sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv kuj tau piav qhia - kev sib tham nrog K. m. ua symf. thiab conc. hom, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum xa mus rau lyrical-psychological. thiab cov ntsiab lus philosophical uas yuav tsum tau ua kom tob hauv ext. Lub ntiaj teb ntawm tus txiv neej (14th symphony los ntawm DD Shostakovich). Symphonies thiab concertos rau ib tug me me ntawm cov twj paj nruag tau txais nyob rau hauv niaj hnub. suab paj nruag yog dav, dhau los ua ntau hom chamber (saib Chamber Orchestra, Chamber Symphony).
Los ntawm con. XVIII caug xyoo thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th. qhov chaw tseem ceeb hauv lub suab paj nruag thov-ve coj wok. K. m. (nyob rau hauv hom nkauj thiab romance). Tshem tawm. kev saib xyuas tau them rau nws los ntawm cov neeg sau nkauj romantic, uas tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyiam rau cov nkauj. ntiaj teb kev xav ntawm tib neeg. Lawv tsim ib hom polished wok, tsim nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus zoo tshaj plaws. tej yam me me; Hauv pem teb 19. 2th caug xyoo muaj ntau xim wok. K. m. tau muab los ntawm I. Brahms. Nyob rau hauv lub lem ntawm lub XIX-19 centuries. composers tshwm sim, nyob rau hauv cov hauj lwm ntawm uas chamber woks. Ib hom ntawv nyob hauv ib txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb (H. Wolf hauv Austria, A. Duparc hauv Fab Kis). Cov hom nkauj thiab kev sib hlub tau dav tsim nyob rau hauv Russia (txij li thaum xyoo pua 19th); cais tawm. kos duab. mus txog qhov siab hauv chamber woks. MI Glinka, AS Dargomyzhsky, PI Tchaikovsky, AP Borodin, MP Mussorgsky, NA Rimsky-Korsakov, SV Rachmaninov. Muaj ntau romances thiab chamber woks. cycles tsim owls. composers (AN Aleksandrov, Yu. V. Kochurov, Yu. A. Shaporin, VN Salmanov, GV Sviridov, thiab lwm yam). Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th, lub chamber wok uas sib haum mus rau qhov xwm ntawm ib hom ntawv tau tsim. kev ua yeeb yam raws li kev tshaj tawm thiab nthuav tawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws intonational thiab semantic cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov suab paj nruag. Zoo tshaj Lavxias teb sab. Chamber performer 18th caug xyoo yog MA Olenina-D'Alheim. Qhov loj tshaj niaj hnub zarub. Chamber vocalists - D. Fischer-Dieskau, E. Schwarzkopf, L. Marshall, nyob rau hauv lub USSR - AL Dolivo-Sobotnitsky, NL Dorliak, ZA Dolukhanova thiab lwm yam.
Ntau thiab ntau yam khoom siv chamber. miniatures ntawm 19th thiab 20th centuries Ntawm lawv yog fp. "Cov nkauj tsis muaj lus" los ntawm F. Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, plays los ntawm R. Schumann, waltzes, nocturnes, preludes thiab etudes los ntawm F. Chopin, chamber piano. Tej hauj lwm ntawm daim ntawv me me los ntawm AN Scriabin, SV Rachmaninov, "Fleeting" thiab "Sarcasm" los ntawm SS Prokofiev, preludes los ntawm DD Shostakovich, violin pieces xws li "Legends" los ntawm G. Veniavsky, "Melodies" thiab "Scherzo los ntawm PI Tchaikovsky, cello miniatures los ntawm K. Yu. Davydov, D. Popper, thiab lwm yam.
Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th K. m. tau npaj tshwj xeeb rau kev ua suab paj nruag hauv tsev hauv lub voj voog nqaim ntawm cov neeg nyiam thiab cov neeg nyiam ua haujlwm. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th Public chamber concerts kuj tau pib ua qhov chaw (thaum ntxov concerts yog los ntawm violinist P. Baio nyob rau hauv Paris nyob rau hauv 1814); rau ser. Xyoo 19th lawv tau dhau los ua ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm Tebchaws Europe. suab paj nruag lub neej (chamber yav tsaus ntuj ntawm Paris Conservatory, concerts ntawm RMS nyob rau hauv Russia, thiab lwm yam); muaj cov koom haum ntawm amateurs ntawm K. m. (Petersb. about-in K. m., founded in 1872, etc.). Owls. philharmonics tsis tu ncua npaj chamber concerts hauv cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb. Halls (Small Hall ntawm Moscow Conservatory, Me Hall muaj npe tom qab MI Glinka hauv Leningrad, thiab lwm yam). Txij xyoo 1960s K.m. concerts kuj muaj nyob rau hauv lub tsev loj. Prod. K. m. nce nkag mus rau hauv conc. neeg ua yeeb yam repertoire. Ntawm tag nrho cov hom ensemble instr. Txoj hlua quartet tau dhau los ua qhov nrov tshaj plaws ua yeeb yam.
References: Asafiev B., Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag txij thaum pib ntawm lub XIX caug xyoo, M. – L., 1930, reprinted. – L., 1968; Keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag, vol. I-IV, M., 1956-1963; Vasina-Grossman VA, Lavxias teb sab classical romance, M., 1956; nws tus kheej, Romantic song ntawm 1967th caug xyoo, M., 1970; nws, Masters of the Soviet romance, M., 1961; Raaben L., Instrumental Ensemble in Russian Music, M., 1963; nws, Soviet chamber thiab instrumental music, L., 1964; nws, Masters of the Soviet chamber-instrumental ensemble, L., XNUMX.
LH Rau
