Alfred Garrievich Schnittke |

Alfred Schnittke

Art yog ib qho nyuaj rau kev xav. World Congress of Philosophy 1985

A. Schnittke yog ib tug ntawm cov loj tshaj Soviet composers ntawm lub thiaj li hu ua thib ob tiam. Schnittke txoj haujlwm yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev mob siab rau cov teeb meem ntawm kev niaj hnub, rau txoj hmoo ntawm noob neej thiab tib neeg kab lis kev cai. Nws yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov tswv yim loj, sib txawv ntawm kev ua yeeb yam, mob siab rau cov suab paj nruag. Hauv nws cov ntawv sau, qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev foob pob atomic, kev tawm tsam tawm tsam qhov kev phem tsis tu ncua ntawm lub ntiaj teb, kev coj ncaj ncees kev puas tsuaj ntawm tib neeg kev ntxeev siab, thiab kev thov rov hais dua rau qhov zoo nyob hauv tib neeg tus cwj pwm pom resonance.

Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm Schnittke txoj haujlwm yog symphonic thiab chamber. Tus kws sau ntawv tsim 5 symphonies (1972, 1980, 1981, 1984, 1988); 4 concertos rau violin thiab orchestra (1957, 1966, 1978, 1984); concertos rau oboe thiab harp (1970), rau piano (1979), viola (1965), cello (1986); orchestral pieces Pianissimo… (1968), Passacaglia (1980), Ritual (1984), (K)ein Sommernachtstraum (Tsis Shakespearean, 1985); 3 concerti grossi (1977, 1982, 1985); Serenade rau 5 tus kws ntaus nkauj (1968); lub piano quintet (1976) thiab nws cov orchestral version - "In memoriam" (1978); "Biography" rau percussion (1982), Anthems rau Ensemble (1974-79), String Trio (1985); 2 sonatas rau violin thiab piano (1963, 1968), Sonata rau cello thiab piano (1978), "Dedication to Paganini" rau violin solo (1982).

Ob peb ntawm Schnittke tej hauj lwm yog npaj rau theem; ballets Labyrinths (1971), Sketches (1985), Peer Gynt (1987) thiab theem muaj pes tsawg leeg The Yellow Sound (1974).

Raws li tus kws sau cov qauv hloov zuj zus, cov suab paj nruag thiab suab paj nruag tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb hauv nws txoj haujlwm: Peb Cov Paj Huam los ntawm Marina Tsvetaeva (1965), Requiem (1975), Peb Madrigals (1980), "Minnesang" (1981), "Zaj Dab Neeg ntawm Dr. Johann Faust” (1983), Concerto rau hu nkauj ntawm st. G. Narekatsi (1985), “Poems of repentance” (1988, to the 1000th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm kev cai raus dej ntawm Russia).

Lub tswv yim tiag tiag yog Schnittke txoj haujlwm nthuav dav hauv zaj duab xis suab paj nruag: "Kev nyuaj siab", "Glass Harmonica", "Pushkin's Drawings", "Ascent", "Farewell", "Little Tragedies", "Dead Souls", thiab lwm yam.

Ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam tsis tu ncua ntawm Schnittke lub suab paj nruag yog cov suab paj nruag zoo tshaj plaws hauv Soviet: G. Rozhdestvensky, O. Kagan, Yu. Bashmet, N. Gutman, L. Isakadze. V. Polyansky, quartets ntawm Mosconcert, lawv. L. Beethoven thiab lwm tus. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus tswv ntawm Soviet tau lees paub thoob plaws ntiaj teb.

Schnittke kawm tiav los ntawm Moscow Conservatory (1958) thiab post-graduate kev tshawb fawb (ibid., 1961) nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawm compositions E. Golubev. Xyoo 1961-72. Nws ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug kws qhia ntawv nyob rau hauv Moscow Conservatory, thiab ces raws li ib tug freelance artist.

Thawj txoj haujlwm uas qhib "mature Schnittke" thiab tau txiav txim siab ntau yam ntawm kev txhim kho ntxiv yog Thib Ob Violin Concerto. Cov ntsiab lus nyob mus ib txhis ntawm kev txom nyem, kev ntxeev siab, kev kov yeej txoj kev tuag yog embodied ntawm no nyob rau hauv ci sib txawv dramaturgy, qhov twg cov kab ntawm "cov cim zoo" yog tsim los ntawm ib tug solo nkauj laus ncas thiab ib pab pawg neeg ntawm cov hlua, cov kab ntawm "tsis zoo" sawv daws yuav - ib tug ob npaug bass thaj tsam sib cais. tawm ntawm pawg hlua, cua, percussion, piano.

Ib qho ntawm cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm Schnittke yog Thawj Symphony, lub tswv yim tseem ceeb ntawm qhov uas yog txoj hmoo ntawm kev kos duab, raws li kev xav txog kev cuam tshuam ntawm tus txiv neej hauv lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no.

Thawj thawj zaug nyob rau hauv Soviet suab paj nruag, nyob rau hauv ib tug ua hauj lwm, ib tug zoo kawg nkaus panorama ntawm lub suab paj nruag ntawm tag nrho cov style, ib hom ntawv nyeem thiab cov lus qhia: classical, avant-garde music, ancient chorales, niaj hnub waltzes, polkas, marches, nkauj, guitar tunes, jazz. , thiab lwm yam. Tus neeg sau tau siv txoj hauv kev ntawm polystylistics ntawm no thiab collage, nrog rau cov tswv yim ntawm "instrumental theatre" (kev txav ntawm cov neeg ntaus suab paj nruag rau theem). Qhov kev ua yeeb yam meej meej tau muab lub hom phiaj rau kev txhim kho cov khoom muaj yeeb yuj heev, qhov txawv ntawm qhov tseeb thiab kev kos duab, thiab qhov tshwm sim tau lees paub qhov zoo tshaj plaws zoo.

Schnittke siv polystylistics ua ib txoj hauv kev zoo los qhia qhov tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm kev sib haum xeeb ntawm lub ntiaj teb thiab niaj hnub overstrain nyob rau hauv ntau ntawm nws lwm yam hauj lwm - lub thib ob Violin Sonata, lub thib ob thiab thib peb Symphonies, lub thib peb thiab Plaub Violin Concertos, lub Viola Concerto, "Kev mob siab rau Paganini", thiab lwm yam.

Schnittke tau nthuav tawm cov ntsej muag tshiab ntawm nws lub peev xwm thaum lub sijhawm "retro", "kev yooj yim tshiab", uas tau tshwm sim hauv European suab paj nruag hauv 70s. Xav nostalgic rau lub suab paj nruag, nws tsim lub lyrical-tragic Requiem, Piano Quintet - ua hauj lwm biographically txuam nrog kev tuag ntawm nws niam, ces nws txiv. Thiab nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg hu ua "Minnesang" rau 52 solo suab, ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov zaj nkauj ntawm German minnesingers ntawm lub XII-XIII centuries. nws ua ke rau hauv ib qho niaj hnub "super-voiced" muaj pes tsawg leeg (nws xav txog cov pab pawg hu nkauj ntawm lub sam thiaj ntawm cov nroog qub nyob sab Europe). Thaum lub sij hawm "retro", Schnittke kuj tig mus rau Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruas ntxhais, siv cov qhabnias ancient Lavxias teb sab chants nyob rau hauv lub Hymns rau lub Ensemble.

80s tau dhau los ua tus neeg sau ib theem hauv kev sib txuas ntawm cov ntsiab lus lyrical thiab melodic, uas tau vam meej hauv "retro", nrog rau feem ntau ntawm cov ntsiab lus symphonic ntawm lub sijhawm dhau los. Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob Symphony, mus rau lub complex orchestral ntaub, nws ntxiv ib tug contrasting txoj kev npaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tiag monophonic Gregorian chants - "nyob rau hauv lub dome" ntawm lub niaj hnub symphony, lub ancient pawg neeg suab. Nyob rau hauv lub thib peb Symphony, sau rau lub qhib lub tshiab concert Hall Gewandhaus (Leipzig), lub keeb kwm ntawm German (Austro-German) suab paj nruag los ntawm nruab nrab hnub nyoog mus rau niaj hnub no yog muab nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm stylistic hints, ntau tshaj 30 lub ntsiab lus. yog siv - monograms ntawm composers. Qhov kev sau no xaus nrog lub siab dawb paug lyrical kawg.

Qhov thib ob txoj hlua quartet yog ib qho kev sib txuas ntawm ancient Lavxias teb sab songwriting thiab ua yeeb yam lub tswv yim ntawm symphonic txoj kev npaj. Txhua yam ntawm nws cov khoom siv suab paj nruag yog tsim los ntawm cov lus hais los ntawm N. Uspensky phau ntawv "Cov Qauv ntawm Cov Laus Lavxias teb sab Hu Nkauj Art" - monophonic gossips, stichera, peb lub suab hu nkauj. Qee lub sij hawm, lub suab qub yog khaws cia, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab nws yog ib qho kev hloov pauv loj heev - nws tau muab qhov kev sib haum xeeb niaj hnub no, ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov ntawm kev txav mus los.

Thaum lub culmination ntawm txoj hauj lwm no, cov yeeb yam yog sharpened mus rau kev taw qhia ntawm ib tug heev naturalistic lamentation, quaj. Nyob rau hauv qhov kawg, los ntawm txoj hlua quartet, lub illusion ntawm lub suab ntawm ib tug invisible choir ua ib tug qub chant yog tsim. Hais txog cov ntsiab lus thiab xim, lub quartet no echoes cov duab ntawm L. Shepitko cov yeeb yaj kiab "Ascent" thiab "Farewell".

Ib qho ntawm Schnittke qhov kev ua tau zoo tshaj plaws yog nws cov cantata "Lub Keeb Kwm ntawm Dr. Johann Faust" raws li cov ntawv sau los ntawm "Cov Neeg Phau Ntawv" hauv xyoo 1587. Cov duab ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, ib txwm muaj rau European kab lis kev cai, uas muag nws tus ntsuj plig rau dab ntxwg nyoog rau kev noj qab nyob zoo hauv lub neej, tau tshwm sim los ntawm tus kws sau ntawv ntawm lub sijhawm tseem ceeb ntawm nws keeb kwm - lub sijhawm ntawm kev rau txim rau qhov lawv tau ua, ncaj ncees tab sis txaus ntshai.

Tus kws sau nkauj tau muab lub zog ntxim nyiam rau suab paj nruag nrog kev pab los ntawm cov txheej txheem kev txo qis - kev qhia txog hom tango (Mephistopheles 'aria, ua los ntawm pop contralto) rau hauv qhov kawg ntawm kev tua neeg.

Xyoo 1985, nyob rau lub sijhawm luv luv, Schnittke tau sau 2 ntawm nws cov haujlwm tseem ceeb thiab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws - choral Concerto ntawm cov paj huam los ntawm Armenian xav thiab kws sau paj lug ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX. G. Narekatsi thiab viola concert. Yog hais tias lub choral Concerto lub cappella yog tag nrho ntawm lub teeb lub roob, ces lub viola Concerto los ua lub suab nrov, uas yog sib npaug los ntawm kev zoo nkauj ntawm suab paj nruag. Overstrain los ntawm kev ua haujlwm tau ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj ntawm tus kws sau ntawv kev noj qab haus huv. Kev rov qab mus rau lub neej thiab kev muaj tswv yim tau luam tawm hauv Cello Concerto, uas nyob rau hauv nws lub tswv yim yog daim iav-symmetrical rau viola ib qho: nyob rau hauv seem kawg, lub cello, amplified los ntawm electronics, muaj hwj chim hais tias nws "artistic will".

Kev koom tes hauv kev tsim cov yeeb yaj kiab, Schnittke ua rau lub siab lub peev xwm ntawm tag nrho, tsim kom muaj kev xav ntxiv thiab lub dav hlau semantic nrog suab paj nruag. Cov suab paj nruag yeeb yaj kiab kuj tau siv los ntawm nws hauv kev hais kwv txhiaj: hauv Thawj Symphony thiab Suite hauv cov qauv qub rau violin thiab piano, suab paj nruag los ntawm lub ntiaj teb zaj duab xis "Hnub no" ("Thiab kuv ntseeg") suab, hauv thawj concerto. grosso - tango los ntawm "Kev ntxhov siab" thiab cov ntsiab lus los ntawm "Npaj Npawb", hauv "Peb Scenes" rau lub suab thiab percussion - suab paj nruag los ntawm "Little Tragedies", thiab lwm yam.

Schnittke yog tus tsim ntawm cov suab paj nruag loj, cov ntsiab lus hauv suab paj nruag. Cov teeb meem ntawm lub ntiaj teb thiab kab lis kev cai, zoo thiab phem, kev ntseeg thiab tsis ntseeg, lub neej thiab kev tuag, uas ua rau nws ua hauj lwm, ua rau cov hauj lwm ntawm lub Soviet masters ntawm lub siab lub ntsws xav.

V. Kholopov