Alexander Dmitrievich Kastalsky |

Alexander Kastalsky

Lavxias teb sab composer, choral neeg xyuas pib, soj ntsuam ntawm Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag folklore; ib qho ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm lub npe hu ua. "kev taw qhia tshiab" nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag dawb ceev ntawm lig 19th - thaum ntxov 20th centuries. Yug hauv Moscow rau lub Kaum Ib Hlis 16 (28), 1856 hauv tsev neeg ntawm cov pov thawj. Nyob rau hauv 1876-1881 nws kawm nyob rau hauv Moscow Conservatory, tab sis ua tiav cov chav kawm ntau xyoo tom qab - nyob rau hauv 1893 nyob rau hauv lub composition ntawm SI Taneev. Muaj qee lub sijhawm nws qhia thiab ua ntau pawg hu nkauj hauv lub xeev. Txij li thaum 1887 nws yog ib tug xib fwb piano ntawm Synodal School of Church Singing, ces nws muaj ib tug pab thawj coj ntawm Synodal Choir, los ntawm 1900 nws yog ib tug neeg xyuas pib, los ntawm 1910 nws yog tus thawj coj ntawm Synodal School thiab hu nkauj. Tom qab lub tsev kawm ntawv tau hloov mus rau hauv People's Choir Academy nyob rau hauv 1918, nws qhia nws kom txog thaum nws kaw nyob rau hauv 1923. Txij li thaum 1922, nws yog ib tug xib fwb ntawm lub Moscow Conservatory, tus thawj coj ntawm tus thawj coj thiab hu nkauj department, thiab lub taub hau ntawm lub department ntawm pej xeem suab paj nruag. . Kastalsky tuag nyob rau hauv Moscow rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 17, 1926.

Kastalsky yog tus sau txog 200 txoj haujlwm dawb ceev thiab kev npaj, uas tsim lub hauv paus ntawm pawg hu nkauj (thiab rau ntau qhov kev hais kwv txhiaj) repertoire ntawm Synodal Choir hauv xyoo 1900. Tus kws sau ntawv yog thawj zaug los ua pov thawj cov organic ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm ancient Lavxias teb sab chants nrog cov txheej txheem ntawm pej xeem peasant polyphony, nrog rau cov kab lig kev cai uas tau tsim nyob rau hauv kliros xyaum, thiab nrog rau cov kev paub ntawm Lavxias teb sab composer tsev kawm ntawv. Feem ntau, Kastalsky tau hu ua "Vasnetsov hauv suab paj nruag", feem ntau xa mus rau cov duab los ntawm VM Vasnetsov ntawm Vladimir Cathedral nyob rau hauv Kyiv, uas tau kho cov kab lig kev cai ntawm monumental fresco nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws style: cov style ntawm dawb ceev suab paj nruag ntawm Kastalsky, qhov twg txoj kab ntawm lub monumental fresco. qhov kev npaj (ua tiav) ntawm cov tsoos chants thiab sau ntawv nyob rau hauv lawv lub siab, kuj cim los ntawm objectivity thiab nruj. Raws li tus thawj coj ntawm Lub Tsev Kawm Synodal, Kastalsky tau ua nws txoj kev hloov pauv mus rau Academy ntawm Lub Koom Txoos Music, nrog rau kev cob qhia hauv cov kev pab cuam uas tshaj li qib ntawm kev saib xyuas.

Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm nws txoj haujlwm yog "kev kho suab paj nruag": tshwj xeeb, nws tau ua qhov kev tsim kho ntawm ancient Lavxias teb sab liturgical yeeb yam "Lub Cave Action"; Nyob rau hauv lub voj voog "Los ntawm Cov Hnub Nyoog Kawg" kos duab ntawm Ancient East, Hellas, Ancient Rome, Judea, Russia, thiab lwm yam yog nthuav tawm hauv cov duab suab paj nruag. Kastalsky tsim ib tug monumental cantata-requiem rau soloists, hu nkauj thiab orchestra "Fraternal Commemoration ntawm cov Heroes uas poob nyob rau hauv lub Great ua tsov ua rog" (1916; nyob rau hauv nco ntsoov ntawm cov tub rog ntawm cov phooj ywg pab tub rog ntawm Thawj Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog hauv Lavxias, Latin, Lus Askiv thiab Lwm cov ntawv; tsab ntawv thib ob rau pawg hu nkauj uas tsis muaj nrog - “Eternal Memory” rau lub Koom Txoos Slavonic cov ntawv ntawm kev nco txog, 1917). Tus sau zaj nkauj tsim tshwj xeeb rau kev ua koob tsheej ntawm Patriarch Tikhon ntawm Pawg Sab Laj ntawm Lavxias Orthodox Church hauv 1917-1918. Ntawm cov hauj lwm secular yog lub Opera Klara Milich tom qab Turgenev (1907, staged ntawm Zimin Opera nyob rau hauv 1916), Cov nkauj hais txog Niam Txiv rau nqe lus los ntawm Lavxias teb sab paj huam rau unaccompanied hu nkauj (1901-1903). Kastalsky yog tus sau theoretical tej hauj lwm Peculiarities ntawm Lavxias teb sab Folk Musical System (1923) thiab Fundamentals ntawm Folk Polyphony (tshaj tawm nyob rau hauv 1948). Ntawm nws txoj kev pib, chav kawm ntawm pej xeem suab paj nruag tau qhia thawj zaug ntawm Synodal School, thiab tom qab ntawd hauv Moscow Conservatory.

Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 1920s, Kastalsky tau sim ua kom tau raws li "kev xav tau ntawm niaj hnub" thiab tsim ntau yam ua tsis tau zoo rau pawg hu nkauj thiab suab paj nruag ntawm pej xeem cov cuab yeej, "Agricultural Symphony", thiab lwm yam, nrog rau cov kev npaj ntawm Soviet "kho tawm" nkauj. Tau ntev nws txoj hauj lwm ntawm sab ntsuj plig tau ua tiav nyob rau hauv nws lub teb chaws; Niaj hnub no, Kastalsky tau lees paub tias yog tus tswv ntawm "kev hloov tshiab" hauv Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag.

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